Error Checking
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citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunication, error error checking methods detection and correction or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital error checking excel data over unreliable communication channels. Many communication channels are subject to channel noise, and thus errors may be introduced during transmission what does error checking do from the source to a receiver. Error detection techniques allow detecting such errors, while error correction enables reconstruction of the original data in many cases. Contents 1 Definitions 2 History 3 Introduction 4 Implementation
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5 Error detection schemes 5.1 Repetition codes 5.2 Parity bits 5.3 Checksums 5.4 Cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) 5.5 Cryptographic hash functions 5.6 Error-correcting codes 6 Error correction 6.1 Automatic repeat request (ARQ) 6.2 Error-correcting code 6.3 Hybrid schemes 7 Applications 7.1 Internet 7.2 Deep-space telecommunications 7.3 Satellite broadcasting (DVB) 7.4 Data storage 7.5 Error-correcting memory 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Definitions[edit] The general definitions error checking c++ of the terms are as follows: Error detection is the detection of errors caused by noise or other impairments during transmission from the transmitter to the receiver. Error correction is the detection of errors and reconstruction of the original, error-free data. History[edit] The modern development of error-correcting codes in 1947 is due to Richard W. Hamming.[1] A description of Hamming's code appeared in Claude Shannon's A Mathematical Theory of Communication[2] and was quickly generalized by Marcel J. E. Golay.[3] Introduction[edit] The general idea for achieving error detection and correction is to add some redundancy (i.e., some extra data) to a message, which receivers can use to check consistency of the delivered message, and to recover data determined to be corrupted. Error-detection and correction schemes can be either systematic or non-systematic: In a systematic scheme, the transmitter sends the original data, and attaches a fixed number of check bits (or parity data), which are derived from the data bits by some deterministic algorithm. If only error detection is required, a receiver can simply apply the same algorithm to the received data bits and compare its output with the received check bits; if the values do not match, an error has occurred at some point during the trans
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in formulas Applies To: Excel 2016, Excel 2013, Excel 2010, Excel 2007, Excel for Mac 2011, Excel Starter, Less Applies To: Excel 2016 , Excel 2013 , Excel 2010 , Excel 2007 , Excel for Mac 2011 , Excel Starter , More... Which version do I have? More... Formulas can sometimes result in error values in addition to returning unintended results. The following are some tools that you can use to find and investigate the causes of these errors and determine solutions. Note: This topic contains techniques that can help you correct formula errors. It is not an exhaustive list of methods for correcting every possible formula error. For help on specific errors, you can search for questions like yours in the Excel Community Forum, or post one of your own. Learn how to enter a simple formula Formulas are equations that perform calculations on values in your worksheet. A formula starts with an equal sign (=). For example, the following formula adds 3 to 1. =3+1 A formula can also contain any or all of the following: functions, references, operators, and constants. Parts of a formula Functions: included with Excel, functions are engineered formulas that carry out specific calculations. For example, the PI() function returns the value of pi: 3.142... References: refer to individual cells or ranges of cells. A2 returns the value in cell A2. Constants: numbers or text values entered directly into a formula, such as 2. Operators: The ^ (caret) operator raises a number to a power, and the * (asterisk) operator multiplies. Use + and – add and subtract values, and / to divide. Note: Some functions require what are referred to as arguments. Arguments are the values that certain functions use to perform their calculations. When required, arguments are placed between the function’s parentheses (). The PI function does not require any arguments, which is why it’s blank. Some functions require one or more arguments, and can leave room for additional arguments. You need to use a comma to separate arguments, or a semi-colon (;) depending on your location settings. The SUM function for example, requires only one argument, but can accommodate 255 total arguments. =SUM(A1:A10) is an example of a single argument. =SUM(A1:A10, C1:C10) is an example of multiple arguments. Correct common errors when entering formulas The following table s