Definition Of Error In Physics
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the range of meanings. The definitions are taken from a sample of reference sources that represent the scope of the topic zero error definition physics of error analysis. Definitions from Webster's dictionary are also included systematic error definition physics for several of the terms to show the contrast between common vernacular use and the specific meanings error in physics experiment of these terms as they relate to scientific measurements. Sources: Taylor, John. An Introduction to Error Analysis, 2nd. ed. University Science Books: Sausalito, CA, 1997. Bevington, Phillip percent error physics R. and D. Keith Robinson. Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, 2nd. ed. McGraw-Hill: New York, 1992. Baird, D.C. Experimentation: An Introduction to Measurement Theory and Experiment Design, 3rd. ed. Prentice Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1995. ISO. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the
Error Analysis Physics
International Committee on Weights and Measures (CIPM): Switzerland, 1993. Fluke. Calibration: Philosophy and Practice, 2nd. ed. Fluke Corporation: Everett, WA, 1994. Webster's Tenth New Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster: Springfield, MA, 2000. Notes: Many of the terms below are defined in the International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology (abbreviated VIM), and their reference numbers are shown in brackets immediately after the term. Since the meaning and usage of these terms are not consistent among other references, alternative (and sometimes conflicting) definitions are provided with the name and page number of the reference from the above list. Comments are included in italics for clarification. References are only cited when they explicitly define a term; omission of a reference for a particular term generally indicates that the term was not used or clearly defined by that reference. Even more diverse usage of these terms may exist in other references not cited here. uncertainty (of measurement) [VIM 3.9] – parameter, associated with the res
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Experimental Error Physics
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for finding the same measurement, it is not essential that they may get the same results. There may arises a difference between their measurements. This difference is referred to as an "ERROR". Types Of Error Errors can be http://www.citycollegiate.com/chapter1bXI.htm divided into three categories: (1) Personal Error (2) Systematic Error (3) Random Error Personal https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/rallain/plab193/labinfo/Error_Analysis/05_Random_vs_Systematic.html Error www.citycollegiate.com An error comes into play because of faulty procedure adopted by by the observer is called "PERSONAL ERROR". Personal error comes into existence due to making an error in reading a scale. It is due to faulty procedure adopted by the person making measurement. Systematic Error The type of error arises due to defect in the measuring device error in is known as "SYSTEMATIC ERROR" Generally it is called "ZERO ERROR". it may be positive or negative error. Systematic error can be removed by correcting measurement device. Random Error The error produced due to sudden change in experimental conditions is called "RANDOM ERROR". For example: During sudden change in temperature, change in humidity, fluctuation in potential difference(voltage). It is an accidental error and is beyond the control of the person making measurement. Atomic Mass error in physics www.citycollegiate.com Atomic mass is defined as : "The mass of one atom of the element compared with the mass of one atom of C12" Atomic mass is a ratio therefore it has no unit. Generally atoms mass is expressed in ATOMIC MASS UNIT(a.m.u). One atomic mass unit is equal to 1/12 of the mass of a C12 atom. Empirical Formula "Empirical Formula is that formula which expresses the relative number of each kind of atoms present in the molecule of a compound" OR "The formula of a compound which expresses the ratio in which atoms of different elements are combined in a molecule" Empirical formula only indicates atomic ratios but it does not indicate actual number of atoms of different kinds present in the molecule of a compound. Two or more compound may have same empirical formula. Empirical formula is determined by experiment. Molecular Formula www.citycollegiate.com The molecular formula of a compound is defined as: "The formula of a compound which not only expresses the relative number of atoms of each kind but also expresses the actual number of atoms of each element present in one molecule". Molecular formula and empirical formula of a compound are related as: MOLECULAR FORMULA = (EMPIRICAL FORMULA)n Where "n" is an integer and is given by: n = molecular mass of compound / Empirical formula mass
of the measurement device. Random errors usually result from the experimenter's inability to take the same measurement in exactly the same way to get exact the same number. Systematic errors, by contrast, are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the same direction. Systematic errors are often due to a problem which persists throughout the entire experiment. Note that systematic and random errors refer to problems associated with making measurements. Mistakes made in the calculations or in reading the instrument are not considered in error analysis. It is assumed that the experimenters are careful and competent! How to minimize experimental error: some examples Type of Error Example How to minimize it Random errors You measure the mass of a ring three times using the same balance and get slightly different values: 17.46 g, 17.42 g, 17.44 g Take more data. Random errors can be evaluated through statistical analysis and can be reduced by averaging over a large number of observations. Systematic errors The cloth tape measure that you use to measure the length of an object had been stretched out from years of use. (As a result, all of your length measurements were too small.)The electronic scale you use reads 0.05 g too high for all your mass measurements (because it is improperly tared throughout your experiment). Systematic errors are difficult to detect and cannot be analyzed statistically, because all of the data is off in the same direction (either to high or too low). Spotting and correcting for systematic error takes a lot of care. How would you compensate for the incorrect results of using the stretched out tape measure? How would you correct the measurements from improperly tared scale?