Analysis Of Experimental Error
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Experimental Error Examples
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Overview Keeping a lab notebook Writing research papers Dimensions & units Using figures (graphs) Examples of graphs Experimental error Representing error Applying statistics Overview Principles of microscopy Solutions & dilutions
Types Of Experimental Error
Protein assays Spectrophotometry Fractionation & centrifugation Radioisotopes and detection Error Analysis sources of experimental error and Significant Figures Errors using inadequate data are much less than those using no data at all. experimental error vs human error C. Babbage] No measurement of a physical quantity can be entirely accurate. It is important to know, therefore, just how much the measured value is likely to deviate http://reference.wolfram.com/applications/eda/ExperimentalErrorsAndErrorAnalysis.html from the unknown, true, value of the quantity. The art of estimating these deviations should probably be called uncertainty analysis, but for historical reasons is referred to as error analysis. This document contains brief discussions about how errors are reported, the kinds of errors that can occur, how to estimate random errors, and how to carry error http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/tools/data_analysis/errors_sigfigs.html estimates into calculated results. We are not, and will not be, concerned with the “percent error” exercises common in high school, where the student is content with calculating the deviation from some allegedly authoritative number. You might also be interested in our tutorial on using figures (Graphs). Significant figures Whenever you make a measurement, the number of meaningful digits that you write down implies the error in the measurement. For example if you say that the length of an object is 0.428 m, you imply an uncertainty of about 0.001 m. To record this measurement as either 0.4 or 0.42819667 would imply that you only know it to 0.1 m in the first case or to 0.00000001 m in the second. You should only report as many significant figures as are consistent with the estimated error. The quantity 0.428 m is said to have three significant figures, that is, three digits that make sense in terms of the measurement. Notice that this has nothing to do with the "
brothers, and 2 + 2 = 4. However, all measurements have some degree of uncertainty that may come from a variety of sources. The process of evaluating the uncertainty associated with a http://www.webassign.net/question_assets/unccolphysmechl1/measurements/manual.html measurement result is often called uncertainty analysis or error analysis. The complete statement of a measured value should include an estimate of the level of confidence associated with the value. Properly reporting an experimental result along with its uncertainty allows other people to make judgments about the quality of the experiment, and it facilitates meaningful comparisons with other similar values or a theoretical prediction. Without experimental error an uncertainty estimate, it is impossible to answer the basic scientific question: "Does my result agree with a theoretical prediction or results from other experiments?" This question is fundamental for deciding if a scientific hypothesis is confirmed or refuted. When we make a measurement, we generally assume that some exact or true value exists based on how we define what is being measured. While we may of experimental error never know this true value exactly, we attempt to find this ideal quantity to the best of our ability with the time and resources available. As we make measurements by different methods, or even when making multiple measurements using the same method, we may obtain slightly different results. So how do we report our findings for our best estimate of this elusive true value? The most common way to show the range of values that we believe includes the true value is: ( 1 ) measurement = (best estimate ± uncertainty) units Let's take an example. Suppose you want to find the mass of a gold ring that you would like to sell to a friend. You do not want to jeopardize your friendship, so you want to get an accurate mass of the ring in order to charge a fair market price. You estimate the mass to be between 10 and 20 grams from how heavy it feels in your hand, but this is not a very precise estimate. After some searching, you find an electronic balance that gives a mass reading of 17.43 grams. While this measurement is much more precise than the o
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