Forward Error Control Ppt
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(Discuss) Proposed since January 2015. In telecommunication, information theory, and coding theory, forward error correction (FEC) or channel coding[1] is a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or noisy communication channels. The central idea is the sender error detection and correction ppt+forouzan encodes the message in a redundant way by using an error-correcting code (ECC). The American error detection and correction in computer networks ppt mathematician Richard Hamming pioneered this field in the 1940s and invented the first error-correcting code in 1950: the Hamming (7,4) code.[2] The redundancy forward error correction example allows the receiver to detect a limited number of errors that may occur anywhere in the message, and often to correct these errors without retransmission. FEC gives the receiver the ability to correct errors without needing a
Forward Error Correction Pdf
reverse channel to request retransmission of data, but at the cost of a fixed, higher forward channel bandwidth. FEC is therefore applied in situations where retransmissions are costly or impossible, such as one-way communication links and when transmitting to multiple receivers in multicast. FEC information is usually added to mass storage devices to enable recovery of corrupted data, and is widely used in modems. FEC processing in a receiver may be applied to a forward error correction methods digital bit stream or in the demodulation of a digitally modulated carrier. For the latter, FEC is an integral part of the initial analog-to-digital conversion in the receiver. The Viterbi decoder implements a soft-decision algorithm to demodulate digital data from an analog signal corrupted by noise. Many FEC coders can also generate a bit-error rate (BER) signal which can be used as feedback to fine-tune the analog receiving electronics. The noisy-channel coding theorem establishes bounds on the theoretical maximum information transfer rate of a channel with some given noise level. Some advanced FEC systems come very close to the theoretical maximum. The maximum fractions of errors or of missing bits that can be corrected is determined by the design of the FEC code, so different forward error correcting codes are suitable for different conditions. Contents 1 How it works 2 Averaging noise to reduce errors 3 Types of FEC 4 Concatenated FEC codes for improved performance 5 Low-density parity-check (LDPC) 6 Turbo codes 7 Local decoding and testing of codes 8 Interleaving 8.1 Example 8.2 Disadvantages of interleaving 9 List of error-correcting codes 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links How it works[edit] FEC is accomplished by adding redundancy to the transmitted information using an algorithm. A redundant bit may be a complex function of many original inform
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