Distribution Of Refractive Error
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e0139780. Published online 2015 Oct 2. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139780PMCID: PMC4591976Frequency and Distribution of Refractive Error in Adult Life: Methodology and refractive error correction surgery Findings of the UK Biobank StudyPhillippa M. Cumberland,1,2,* Yanchun Bao,1,2 Pirro G. Hysi,3 Paul J. Foster,4 Christopher J. Hammond,3,5 Jugnoo S. Rahi,1,2,4,6 and UK Biobank Eyes & Vision Consortium¶Chen-Wei Pan, Editor1Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London (UCL) refractive error hypermetropia Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom2Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom3Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom4National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom5Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom6Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United KingdomMedical College of Soochow University, CHINA Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Conceived and designed the experiments: JSR PMC CJH PGH PJF. Analyzed the data: YB PMC. Wrote the paper: PMC JSR CJH. Review a
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Refractive Error Astigmatism
SubstancePubMedPubMed HealthSNPSRAStructureTaxonomyToolKitToolKitAllToolKitBookToolKitBookghUniGeneSearch termSearch Advanced Journal list Help Journal ListSpringer refractive error pdf Open ChoicePMC4385146 European Journal of Epidemiology Eur J Epidemiol. 2015; 30(4): 305–315. Published
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online 2015 Mar 18. doi: 10.1007/s10654-015-0010-0PMCID: PMC4385146Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) ConsortiumKatie M. Williams, Virginie J. M. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4591976/ Verhoeven, Phillippa Cumberland, Geir Bertelsen, Christian Wolfram, Gabriëlle H. S. Buitendijk, Albert Hofman, Cornelia M. van Duijn, Johannes R. Vingerling, Robert W. A. M. Kuijpers, René Höhn, Alireza Mirshahi, Anthony P. Khawaja, Robert N. Luben, Maja Gran Erke, Therese von Hanno, Omar Mahroo, Ruth Hogg, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4385146/ Christian Gieger, Audrey Cougnard-Grégoire, Eleftherios Anastasopoulos, Alain Bron, Jean-François Dartigues, Jean-François Korobelnik, Catherine Creuzot-Garcher, Fotis Topouzis, Cécile Delcourt, Jugnoo Rahi, Thomas Meitinger, Astrid Fletcher, Paul J. Foster, Norbert Pfeiffer, Caroline C. W. Klaver, and Christopher J. HammondDepartment of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of
Papers > Full text Cambridge Ophthalmological Symposium Eye (2014) 28, 169–179; doi:10.1038/eye.2013.276; published online 10 January 2014 Emmetropisation and the aetiology of refractive errors D IFlitcroft11Children’s University Hospital, http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v28/n2/full/eye2013276a.html Dublin, IrelandCorrespondence: DI Flitcroft, Ophthalmology, Children’s University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin Dublin 7, Ireland Tel: +353 1 662 9207; Fax: +353 1 662 9207. E-mail: ian@flitcroft.comReceived: 20October2013; Accepted: 31October2013Advance online publication 10January2014 Top of pageAbstractThe distribution of human refractive errors displays features that are not commonly seen in other refractive error biological variables. Compared with the more typical Gaussian distribution, adult refraction within a population typically has a negative skew and increased kurtosis (ie is leptokurtotic). This distribution arises from two apparently conflicting tendencies, first, the existence of a mechanism to control eye growth during infancy so as to bring refraction distribution of refractive towards emmetropia/low hyperopia (ie emmetropisation) and second, the tendency of many human populations to develop myopia during later childhood and into adulthood. The distribution of refraction therefore changes significantly with age. Analysis of the processes involved in shaping refractive development allows for the creation of a life course model of refractive development. Monte Carlo simulations based on such a model can recreate the variation of refractive distributions seen from birth to adulthood and the impact of increasing myopia prevalence on refractive error distributions in Asia.Keywords: emmetropisation; refraction; myopia; ametropia; hyperopia; model Top of pageIntroductionThe statistical study of the distribution of human refractions has a long and distinguished history. Interest in refractive distributions stems in large part from the fact that human refraction appears to be very different to many other biological variables such as height or intelligence test results, which typically display a normal (ie Gaussian) or lo