Normal Refractive Error In Babies
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Refractive Error In Childhood
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Causes Of Refractive Errors In Children
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ServicesAbout UsPatients & VisitorsFor Health ProfessionalsSearch TermCANCELView More ResultsLoading.../nutch_noindex Refractive Errors in Children What is normal vision? In order to better understand how certain problems can affect your child's vision, it is important to understand how normal vision occurs. For children with normal vision, the following
Refractive Error In Children Ppt
sequence takes place: Click Image to Enlarge Light enters the eye through the
Pediatric Refractive Error Norms
cornea, the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. From the cornea, the light passes through the cycloplegic refraction prescribing guidelines pupil. The amount of light passing through is regulated by the iris, or the colored part of your eye. From there, the light then hits the lens, the transparent structure inside the eye http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12825056 that focuses light rays onto the retina. Next, it passes through the vitreous humor, the clear, jelly-like substance that fills the center of the eye and helps to keep the eye round in shape. Finally, it reaches the retina, the light-sensitive nerve layer that lines the back of the eye, where the image appears inverted. The optic nerve carries signals of light, dark, and colors to the http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=refractive-errors-in-children-90-P02098 area of the brain (the visual cortex), which assembles the signals into images (our vision). What are refractive errors? The following are the most common refractive errors, all of which affect vision and may require corrective lenses for correction or improvement: Astigmatism. Astigmatism is a condition in which an abnormal curvature of the cornea can cause two focal points to fall in two different locations--making objects up close and at a distance appear blurry. Astigmatisms may cause eye strain and may be combined with nearsightedness or farsightedness. Astigmatism can start in childhood or in adulthood. Some symptoms include headache, eye strain, and/or fatigue. Eye rubbing, lack of interest in school, and difficulty in reading are often seen in children with astigmatism. Depending on the severity, eyeglasses or contact lenses may be required. Click Image to Enlarge Hyperopia. Commonly known as farsightedness, hyperopia is the refractive error in which an image of a distant object becomes focused behind the retina, either because the eyeball axis is too short, or because the refractive power of the eye is too weak. This condition makes close objects appear out of focus and may cause headaches, eye strain, and/or fatigue. Squinting, eye
Issues Topics For Authors About Editorial Board Subscriptions November 2000 Volume 41, Issue 12 ‹ Issue › http://iovs.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2162784 Jump To... Methods Results Discussion Free Clinical and Epidemiologic Research| November http://www.uptodate.com/contents/refractive-errors-in-children 2000Normal Emmetropization in Infants with Spectacle Correction for Hyperopia Janette Atkinson; Shirley Anker; William Bobier; Oliver Braddick; Kim Durden; Marko Nardini; Peter Watson Author Affiliations Janette Atkinson From the Visual Development Unit, London and Cambridge, Department of Psychology, University College London, United refractive error Kingdom; the Shirley Anker From the Visual Development Unit, London and Cambridge, Department of Psychology, University College London, United Kingdom; the William Bobier School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Canada; and the Oliver Braddick From the Visual Development Unit, London and Cambridge, Department of Psychology, University College London, United Kingdom; the Kim refractive error in Durden From the Visual Development Unit, London and Cambridge, Department of Psychology, University College London, United Kingdom; the Marko Nardini From the Visual Development Unit, London and Cambridge, Department of Psychology, University College London, United Kingdom; the Peter Watson Department of Ophthalmology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science November 2000, Vol.41, 3726-3731. doi: Views Full Article Figures Tables PDF Share E-mail Facebook Twitter Google Digg Delicious CiteULike Tumblr StumbleUpon Tools Alerts User Alerts You are adding an alert for: Normal Emmetropization in Infants with Spectacle Correction for Hyperopia You will receive an email whenever this article is corrected, updated, or cited in the literature. You can manage this and all other alerts in My Account The alert will be sent to: Confirm × This feature is available to Subscribers Only Sign In or Create an Account × Get Citation Citation Janette Atkinson, Shirley Anker, William Bobier, Oliver Braddick, Kim Durden, Marko Nardi
allows you to search in the languages below. Please select your preference. Topics will continue to be in English. 简体中文 繁體中文 Deutsch English Español Français Italiano 日本語 한국어 * Português *Currently in beta testing. Languages About Us News & Events Contact Us Help Why UpToDate? Product Editorial Subscription Options Subscribe Official reprint from UpToDate www.uptodate.com ©2016 UpToDate Print | Back Refractive errors in children AuthorsDavid K Coats, MDDavid K Coats, MDProfessor of Ophthalmology Baylor College of MedicineEvelyn A Paysse, MDEvelyn A Paysse, MDSection Editor — Pediatric Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology and Pediatrics Baylor College of MedicineSection EditorRichard A Saunders, MDRichard A Saunders, MDSection Editor — Pediatric Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology and Pediatrics Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South CarolinaDeputy EditorCarrie Armsby, MD, MPHCarrie Armsby, MD, MPHDeputy Editor — Pediatrics University of Massachusetts School of Medicine INTRODUCTIONThis topic will review refractive errors in children. Vision assessment, strabismus, cataracts, and amblyopia are discussed separately. (See "Visual development and vision assessment in infants and children" and "Evaluation and management of strabismus in children" and "Cataract in children" and "Amblyopia in children: Classification, screening, and evaluation".)Refractive errors in adults are discussed separately. (See "Visual impairment in adults: Refractive disorders and presbyopia".)NORMAL REFRACTIONRefraction is the bending of light rays as they pass from one transparent medium to another medium with a different density. During vision, light that is reflected from an object is refracted by the cornea and lens and focused on the retina.In emmetropia (an eye with normal refractive error), parallel light rays from a distant obj