Normal Refractive Error In Children
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Expected Refractive Error By Age
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Normal Refractive Error In Infants
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Prescribing Glasses For Children
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article Abstract INFANTS AND CHILDREN FROM BIRTH TO SIX YEARS CHILDREN IN THE SCHOOL YEARS NOTES ON MANAGEMENT CONCLUSION REFERENCES Related Content Citing Literature Clinical and cycloplegic refraction prescribing guidelines Experimental Optometry Explore this journal > Explore this journal > Previous article in
Refractive Error In Childhood
issue: Paediatric optometry: not in the business of vision screening Previous article in issue: Paediatric optometry: not in the business prescribing after cycloplegic refraction of vision screening Next article in issue: Characterisation of Cl- transporter and channels in experimentally induced myopic chick eyes Next article in issue: Characterisation of Cl- transporter and channels in experimentally induced http://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/children-refractive-errors myopic chick eyes View issue TOC Volume 94, Issue 6 November 2011 Pages 514–527 To prescribe or not to prescribe? Guidelines for spectacle prescribing in infants and childrenAuthorsSusan J Leat BSc PhD FCOptom FAAOCorresponding author School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. E-mail: leat@uwaterloo.caDr Susan J Leat, School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2E 3G1, CANADA, E-mail: leat@uwaterloo.caSearch for more papers http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00600.x/full by this authorFirst published: 3 July 2011Full publication historyDOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00600.xView/save citationCited by: 9 articles Citation tools Set citation alert Check for new citations Citing literature Dr Susan J Leat, School of Optometry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2E 3G1, CANADA, E-mail: leat@uwaterloo.caAbstractThis paper discusses the considerations for prescribing a refractive correction in infants and children up to and including school age, with reference to the current literature. The focus is on children who do not have other disorders, for example, binocular vision anomalies, such as strabismus, significant heterophoria or convergence excess. However, refractive amblyogenic factors are discussed, as is prescribing for refractive amblyopia. Based on this discussion, guidelines are proposed, which indicate when to prescribe spectacles and what amount of refractive error should be corrected. It may be argued that these are premature because there are many questions that remain unanswered and we do not have the quality of evidence that we would like; the clinician, however, must make decisions on whether and what to prescribe when examining a child. These guidelines are to aid clinicians in their current clinical decision making.Enhanced PDFStandard PDF (200.1 KB) There are numerous guidelines that have been publis
allows you to search in the languages below. Please select your preference. Topics will continue to be in English. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/refractive-errors-in-children 简体中文 繁體中文 Deutsch English Español Français Italiano 日本語 한국어 * Português *Currently in beta testing. Languages About Us News & Events Contact Us Help Why UpToDate? Product Editorial Subscription Options Subscribe Official reprint from UpToDate www.uptodate.com ©2016 UpToDate Print | Back Refractive errors in children AuthorsDavid K Coats, MDDavid K Coats, MDProfessor of Ophthalmology Baylor College of MedicineEvelyn A Paysse, MDEvelyn refractive error A Paysse, MDSection Editor — Pediatric Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology and Pediatrics Baylor College of MedicineSection EditorRichard A Saunders, MDRichard A Saunders, MDSection Editor — Pediatric Ophthalmology Professor of Ophthalmology and Pediatrics Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South CarolinaDeputy EditorCarrie Armsby, MD, MPHCarrie Armsby, MD, MPHDeputy Editor — Pediatrics University of Massachusetts School of Medicine INTRODUCTIONThis topic will review refractive error in refractive errors in children. Vision assessment, strabismus, cataracts, and amblyopia are discussed separately. (See "Visual development and vision assessment in infants and children" and "Evaluation and management of strabismus in children" and "Cataract in children" and "Amblyopia in children: Classification, screening, and evaluation".)Refractive errors in adults are discussed separately. (See "Visual impairment in adults: Refractive disorders and presbyopia".)NORMAL REFRACTIONRefraction is the bending of light rays as they pass from one transparent medium to another medium with a different density. During vision, light that is reflected from an object is refracted by the cornea and lens and focused on the retina.In emmetropia (an eye with normal refractive error), parallel light rays from a distant object are brought into focus precisely on the retina, and a clear image is perceived (movie 1). Perfect emmetropia rarely exists. The majority of individuals have some degree of refractive error, although most do not require correction.REFRACTIVE ERRORSRefractive errors are present when the optical image does not accurately focus on the retina. There are three types: myopia (movie 2), hyperopia (movie 3), and astigmatism (movie 4). Subscri