Probability Of Error In Binary Communication
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Maximum Likelihood Decoding
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be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that have been altered due to noise, map decision rule interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors. The bit error rate (BER) is the number of bit errors per unit time. The bit error ratio (also BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unitless performance measure, often expressed as a percentage.[1] The bit error probability pe is the expectation value of the bit error ratio. The bit error ratio can http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/26/23797/01091756.pdf be considered as an approximate estimate of the bit error probability. This estimate is accurate for a long time interval and a high number of bit errors. Contents 1 Example 2 Packet error ratio 3 Factors affecting the BER 4 Analysis of the BER 5 Mathematical draft 6 Bit error rate test 6.1 Common types of BERT stress patterns 7 Bit error rate tester 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Example[edit] As an example, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_error_rate assume this transmitted bit sequence: 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 and the following received bit sequence: 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1, The number of bit errors (the underlined bits) is, in this case, 3. The BER is 3 incorrect bits divided by 10 transferred bits, resulting in a BER of 0.3 or 30%. Packet error ratio[edit] The packet error ratio (PER) is the number of incorrectly received data packets divided by the total number of received packets. A packet is declared incorrect if at least one bit is erroneous. The expectation value of the PER is denoted packet error probability pp, which for a data packet length of N bits can be expressed as p p = 1 − ( 1 − p e ) N {\displaystyle p_{p}=1-(1-p_{e})^{N}} , assuming that the bit errors are independent of each other. For small bit error probabilities, this is approximately p p ≈ p e N . {\displaystyle p_{p}\approx p_{e}N.} Similar measurements can be carried out for the transmission of frames, blocks, or symbols. Factors affecting the BER[edit] In a communication system, the receiver side BER may be affected by transmission channel noise, interference, distortion, bit synchronization problems, attenuation, wireless multipath fading, etc. The BER may be improved by choosing a strong signal strength (unless this causes cross-talk a
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