Random /list Error
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of causes of random errors are: electronic noise in the circuit of an electrical instrument, irregular changes in the heat loss rate from a solar collector due to changes in the wind. Random random error examples errors often have a Gaussian normal distribution (see Fig. 2). In such cases
How To Reduce Random Error
statistical methods may be used to analyze the data. The mean m of a number of measurements of the same random error examples physics quantity is the best estimate of that quantity, and the standard deviation s of the measurements shows the accuracy of the estimate. The standard error of the estimate m is s/sqrt(n), where n random error calculation is the number of measurements. Fig. 2. The Gaussian normal distribution. m = mean of measurements. s = standard deviation of measurements. 68% of the measurements lie in the interval m - s < x < m + s; 95% lie within m - 2s < x < m + 2s; and 99.7% lie within m - 3s < x < m + 3s. The precision of
How To Reduce Systematic Error
a measurement is how close a number of measurements of the same quantity agree with each other. The precision is limited by the random errors. It may usually be determined by repeating the measurements. Systematic Errors Systematic errors in experimental observations usually come from the measuring instruments. They may occur because: there is something wrong with the instrument or its data handling system, or because the instrument is wrongly used by the experimenter. Two types of systematic error can occur with instruments having a linear response: Offset or zero setting error in which the instrument does not read zero when the quantity to be measured is zero. Multiplier or scale factor error in which the instrument consistently reads changes in the quantity to be measured greater or less than the actual changes. These errors are shown in Fig. 1. Systematic errors also occur with non-linear instruments when the calibration of the instrument is not known correctly. Fig. 1. Systematic errors in a linear instrument (full line). Broken line shows response of an ideal instrument without error. Examples of systematic errors caused by the wrong use of instruments are: errors in measurements of temperature due to poor t
of the measurement device. Random errors usually result from the experimenter's inability to take the same measurement in exactly personal error the same way to get exact the same number. Systematic example of random error in measurement errors, by contrast, are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the same direction. Systematic errors are
Systematic Error Calculation
often due to a problem which persists throughout the entire experiment. Note that systematic and random errors refer to problems associated with making measurements. Mistakes made http://www.physics.umd.edu/courses/Phys276/Hill/Information/Notes/ErrorAnalysis.html in the calculations or in reading the instrument are not considered in error analysis. It is assumed that the experimenters are careful and competent! How to minimize experimental error: some examples Type of Error Example How to minimize it Random errors You measure the mass of a ring three times using the same https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/rallain/plab193/labinfo/Error_Analysis/05_Random_vs_Systematic.html balance and get slightly different values: 17.46 g, 17.42 g, 17.44 g Take more data. Random errors can be evaluated through statistical analysis and can be reduced by averaging over a large number of observations. Systematic errors The cloth tape measure that you use to measure the length of an object had been stretched out from years of use. (As a result, all of your length measurements were too small.)The electronic scale you use reads 0.05 g too high for all your mass measurements (because it is improperly tared throughout your experiment). Systematic errors are difficult to detect and cannot be analyzed statistically, because all of the data is off in the same direction (either to high or too low). Spotting and correcting for systematic error takes a lot of care. How would you compensate for the incorrect results of using the stretched out tape measure? How would you correct the measurements from improperly tared scale?
here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed answers to any questions you might have Meta Discuss the workings and policies of this site About Us Learn more about Stack Overflow the company http://stackoverflow.com/questions/38549315/type-conflict-when-generating-a-random-list-of-integers-in-elm Business Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us Stack Overflow Questions Jobs Documentation Tags Users Badges Ask Question x Dismiss Join the Stack Overflow Community Stack Overflow is a community of 6.2 million programmers, just like you, helping each other. Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up Type conflict when generating a random list of integers in Elm up vote 1 down vote favorite This is related to random error the Elm Tutorials (http://guide.elm-lang.org/architecture/effects/random.html), and am trying to generate a list of random numbers (just 2 items for now) for one of the challenges. I get a type error when trying to generate the list: The 2nd argument to function `generate` is causing a mismatch. 39| Random.generate NewFaces intList) ^^^^^^^ Function `generate` is expecting the 2nd argument to be: Random.Generator List But it is: Random.Generator (List Int) This is the code I am using: random error examples update : Msg -> Model -> (Model, Cmd Msg) update msg model = case msg of Roll -> let intList : Random.Generator (List Int) intList = Random.list 2 (Random.int 1 6) in (model, Random.generate NewFaces intList) NewFaces newFaces -> ({ model | dieFaces = newFaces}, Cmd.none) I am still trying to get my head wrapped around types -- particularly with regard to lists. I'm guessing (List Int) means a list of integers, but I am not sure what List by itself means (list of arbitrary type?). I have played around with the code by pulling out the Generator into a separate variable (intList) and also explicitly typing it. I also tried typing it Random.Generator List, which throws an error also. Basically, I could use help figuring out how to reconcile List vs. (List Int). Thank you -- super new to Elm, so any guidance is appreciated. elm share|improve this question asked Jul 24 at 6:16 Austin Baltes 84 add a comment| 1 Answer 1 active oldest votes up vote 2 down vote accepted Based on the error message, it looks like you probably have defined NewFaces like this: type Msg = Roll | NewFaces List List takes a single type parameter, so it should be defined as type Msg = Roll | NewFaces (List Int) share|improve this answer answ