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Recently read CGI::Carp NAMESYNOPSISDESCRIPTIONREDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGESMAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOWChanging the default messageDOING MORE THAN PRINTING A MESSAGE IN THE EVENT OF PERL ERRORSSUPPRESSING PERL ERRORS APPEARING IN THE BROWSER WINDOWMAKING WARNINGS APPEAR AS HTML COMMENTSOVERRIDING THE NAME OF THE PROGRAMCHANGE LOGAUTHORSSEE ALSONAME CGI::Carp - CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log SYNOPSIS use CGI::Carp; croak "We're outta here!"; http://perldoc.perl.org/CGI/Carp.html confess "It was my fault: $!"; carp "It was your fault!"; warn "I'm confused"; die "I'm dying.\n"; use CGI::Carp qw(cluck); cluck "I wouldn't do that if I were you"; use CGI::Carp qw(fatalsToBrowser); die "Fatal error messages are now sent to browser";DESCRIPTION CGI scripts have a nasty habit of leaving warning messages in the error logs that are neither time stamped nor fully identified. Tracking down the script that caused the error is a pain. This fixes that. Replace the usual use Carp;with use CGI::CarpThe standard warn(), die (), croak(), confess() and carp() calls will be replaced with functions that write time-stamped messages to the HTTP server error log. For example: [Fri Nov 17 21:40:43 1995] test.pl: I'm confused at test.pl line 3. [Fri Nov 17 21:40:43 1995] test.pl: Got an error message: Permission denied. [Fri Nov 17 21:40:43 1995] test.pl: I'm dying.REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES By default, error messages are sent to STDERR. Most HTTPD servers direct STDERR to the server's error log. Some applications may wish to keep private error logs, distinct from the server's error log, or they may wish to direct error messages to STDOUT so that the browser will receive them. The carpout a valid response for the client -- generally a 500 Internal Server Error message. Your CGI has the option of displaying full or partial headers. By default, CGI scripts http://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/linux/cgi/ch03_03.htm should return only partial headers. 3.3.1. Partial Headers CGI scripts must output one of the following three headers: A Content-type header specifying the media type of the content that will followA Location header specifying a URL http://www.thesitewizard.com/archive/servererror.shtml to redirect the client toA Status header with a status that does not require additional data, such as 204 No Response Let's review each of these options. 3.3.1.1. Outputting documents The most common response for cgi error CGI scripts is to return HTML. A script must indicate to the server the media type of content it is returning prior to outputting any content. This is why all of the CGI scripts you have seen in the previous examples contained the following line: print "Content-type: text/html\n\n"; You can send other HTTP headers from a CGI script, but this header field is the minimum necessary in order to output a cgi error message document. HTML documents are by no means the only form of media type that may be outputted by CGI scripts. By specifying a different media type, you can output any type of document that you can imagine. For example, Example 3-4 later in this chapter shows how to return a dynamic image. The two newlines at the end the Content-type header tell the web server that this is the last header line and that subsequent lines are part of the body of the message. This correlates to the extra CRLF that we discussed in the last chapter, which separates HTTP headers from the content body (see the upcoming sidebar, the sidebar "Line Endings"). Line Endings Many operating systems use different combinations of line feeds and carriage returns to represent the end of a line of text. Unix systems use a line feed; Macintosh systems use a carriage return; and Microsoft systems use both a carriage return and a line feed, often abbreviated as CRLF. HTTP headers require a CRLF as well -- each header line must end with a carriage return and a line feed. In Perl (on Unix), a line feed is represented as "\n", and a carriage return is represented as "\r". Thus, you may wonder why our previous exam of questions I get from my visitors at thesitewizard.com, I can see that one of the most dreaded errors that newcomers to CGI face is the "500 Internal Server Error". It is one of the most uninformative error messages that can mean anything from an improper upload to a bug in the script. This article attempts to give you some concrete, practical steps that you can take to narrow down the problem and hopefully eliminate it. For the uninitiated, a "500 Internal Server Error" is a message much like the common "404 File Not Found" message. You get the latter message in your browser when you try to access a non-existent web page. You get the "500 Internal Server Error" message when you try to run a script with problems. For the purposes of this article, I am assuming that your CGI script is a Perl script, by far the most commonly available on the Internet. We will try to eliminate the most common errors first (and the easiest-to-eliminate ones): Location Did you upload your scripts into the right place? This is not as obvious as it may seem. Some servers are configured to run your CGI scripts anywhere. Others will only run it when it is installed in a particular directory. It is not just a matter of creating a "cgi-bin" directory — for example, some hosts configure the server so that it will run scripts only from a particular directory outside the web directory structure (for security reasons). Your web page will still call the script "/cgi-bin/script.pl" but the server maps it to the actual directory. You will have to upload it in the right directory, regardless of what your web page calls it. Find out such information from your web host's documentation. File Upload Mode Did you upload your Perl script in ASCII mode? Your FTP client may have uploaded the script in binary mode if you did not take any special action. Perl scripts are ASCII files, and since different operating systems have different ways of representing the end of line character (eg Unix uses a line-feed, Windows uses a carriage-return and line-feed pair), it is important that you set the uploading method to ASCII, so that line-end translation is performed. Re-upload the script, this time making sure that it was uploaded in Text or ASCII mode. Do not use any auto-detection options since the FTP program might assume the extensions you are using for your scripts are for binary files. File Permissions Did you change the permissions on your script so that it can be executed on your web server? In m