Error Handling In Bash
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and Signals and Traps (Oh My!) - Part 1 by William Shotts, Jr. In this lesson, we're going to look at handling errors during the execution of your scripts. The difference between a good program and a poor one is often measured in terms of the program's robustness. That is, the program's error handling in bash shell script ability to handle situations in which something goes wrong. Exit status As you recall from previous lessons, error handling in bash script every well-written program returns an exit status when it finishes. If a program finishes successfully, the exit status will be zero. If the exit status is
Bash Throw Error
anything other than zero, then the program failed in some way. It is very important to check the exit status of programs you call in your scripts. It is also important that your scripts return a meaningful exit status when they finish.
Bash Trap
I once had a Unix system administrator who wrote a script for a production system containing the following 2 lines of code: # Example of a really bad idea cd $some_directory rm * Why is this such a bad way of doing it? It's not, if nothing goes wrong. The two lines change the working directory to the name contained in $some_directory and delete the files in that directory. That's the intended behavior. But what happens if the directory named in $some_directory doesn't exist? bash error checking In that case, the cd command will fail and the script executes the rm command on the current working directory. Not the intended behavior! By the way, my hapless system administrator's script suffered this very failure and it destroyed a large portion of an important production system. Don't let this happen to you! The problem with the script was that it did not check the exit status of the cd command before proceeding with the rm command. Checking the exit status There are several ways you can get and respond to the exit status of a program. First, you can examine the contents of the $? environment variable. $? will contain the exit status of the last command executed. You can see this work with the following: [me] $ true; echo $? 0 [me] $ false; echo $? 1 The true and false commands are programs that do nothing except return an exit status of zero and one, respectively. Using them, we can see how the $? environment variable contains the exit status of the previous program. So to check the exit status, we could write the script this way: # Check the exit status cd $some_directory if [ "$?" = "0" ]; then rm * else echo "Cannot change directory!" 1>&2 exit 1 fi In this version, we examine the exit status of the cd command and if it's not zero, we print an error message on standard error and terminate the script with an exit status of 1. While th
Bash Prompts About Writing Robust Bash Shell Scripts Many people hack together shell scripts quickly to do simple tasks, but these soon take on a life of their own. Unfortunately shell scripts are full of subtle effects which
Bash Error Redirection
result in scripts failing in unusual ways. It's possible to write scripts which minimise bash if these problems. In this article, I explain several techniques for writing robust bash scripts. Use set -u How often have you bash error handling function written a script that broke because a variable wasn't set? I know I have, many times. chroot=$1 ... rm -rf $chroot/usr/share/doc If you ran the script above and accidentally forgot to give a parameter, http://linuxcommand.org/wss0150.php you would have just deleted all of your system documentation rather than making a smaller chroot. So what can you do about it? Fortunately bash provides you with set -u, which will exit your script if you try to use an uninitialised variable. You can also use the slightly more readable set -o nounset. david% bash /tmp/shrink-chroot.sh $chroot= david% bash -u /tmp/shrink-chroot.sh /tmp/shrink-chroot.sh: line 3: $1: unbound variable david% Use http://www.davidpashley.com/articles/writing-robust-shell-scripts/ set -e Every script you write should include set -e at the top. This tells bash that it should exit the script if any statement returns a non-true return value. The benefit of using -e is that it prevents errors snowballing into serious issues when they could have been caught earlier. Again, for readability you may want to use set -o errexit. Using -e gives you error checking for free. If you forget to check something, bash will do it or you. Unfortunately it means you can't check $? as bash will never get to the checking code if it isn't zero. There are other constructs you could use: command if [ "$?"-ne 0]; then echo "command failed"; exit 1; fi could be replaced with command || { echo "command failed"; exit 1; } or if ! command; then echo "command failed"; exit 1; fi What if you have a command that returns non-zero or you are not interested in its return value? You can use command || true, or if you have a longer section of code, you can turn off the error checking, but I recommend you use this sparingly. set +e command1 command2 set -e On a slightly related note, by default bash takes th
this page Detailed Error Handling In Bash Summary The database The mechanism Caveat Invoking the error handler The full script Usage https://www.howtoforge.com/detailed-error-handling-in-bash example References Detailed Error Handling In Bash by Willem Bogaerts, application smith http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/97101/how-to-catch-an-error-in-a-linux-bash-script at Kratz Business Solutions Summary Shell scripts are often running as background processes, doing useful things without running in a visible shell. Think, for example, of cron jobs or scripts that are fired from a program on a web server. To write such scripts can be quite painful, error handling as all errors occur out of sight as well. Off course you can make use of a log file, but the ideal level of logging is hard to find. You often log way too much when the script is running fine and way too little when it unexpectedly fails. While log files can hold a lot of information, finding the error handling in relevant information is a bit trickier. My solution is to log only the errors with all the details to a small database. This database contains tables for the message, the corresponding stack trace and the important environment variables. I have chosen for an SQLite database in this howto, but the same principle works with other databases as well. The database SQLite needs some settings to work as I expect it to, and these settings can be put in an initializing script. These settings include the error behaviour of SQLite itself and its foreign key handling: .bail ON .echo OFF PRAGMA foreign_keys = TRUE; Off course, we also need a database and I do not want to rely on one to exist. Therefore, the first thing the bash script will do is to run an SQL "revive" script on the database file: if the database did not exist, it will be created and if it did, it will do nothing: CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ErrorLog (intErrorLogId INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, strMessage TEXT NOT NULL, tstOccurredAt DA
here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed answers to any questions you might have Meta Discuss the workings and policies of this site About Us Learn more about Stack Overflow the company Business Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us Unix & Linux Questions Tags Users Badges Unanswered Ask Question _ Unix & Linux Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of Linux, FreeBSD and other Un*x-like operating systems. Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up Here's how it works: Anybody can ask a question Anybody can answer The best answers are voted up and rise to the top How to catch an error in a linux bash script? up vote 5 down vote favorite 1 I made the following script: # !/bin/bash # OUTPUT-COLORING red='\e[0;31m' green='\e[0;32m' NC='\e[0m' # No Color # FUNCTIONS # directoryExists - Does the directory exist? function directoryExists { cd $1 if [ $? = 0 ] then echo -e "${green}$1${NC}" else echo -e "${red}$1${NC}" fi } # EXE directoryExists "~/foobar" directoryExists "/www/html/drupal" The script works, but beside my echoes, there is also the output when cd $1 fails on execution. testscripts//test_labo3: line 11: cd: ~/foobar: No such file or directory Is it possible to catch this? bash shell shell-script error-handling share|improve this question edited Oct 22 '13 at 22:58 Gilles 371k686741124 asked Oct 22 '13 at 10:29 Thomas De Wilde 28114 Just an FYI, you can also do this a lot simpler; test -d /path/to/directory ( or [[ -d /path/to/directory ]] in bash ) will tell you whether a given target is a directory or not, and it will do it quietly. –Patrick Oct 22 '13 at 12:36 @Patrick, that just tests if it's a directory, not if you can cd into it. –Stéphane Chazelas Oct 22 '13 at 12:54 @StephaneChazelas yes. The function name is directoryExists. –Patrick Oct 22 '13 at 13:57 add a comment| 5 Answers 5 active oldest votes up vote 4 down vote accepted Your script changes directories as it runs, which means it won't work with a series of relative pathnames. You then commented later that you only wanted to check for directory existence, not the ability to use cd, so answers don't need to use cd at all. Revised. Using tput and colours from man terminfo: #!/bin/bash -u # OUTPUT-COLORING red=$( tput setaf 1 ) green=$( tput setaf 2 ) NC=$( tput setaf 0 ) # or perhaps: tput sgr0 # FUNCTIONS # directoryExists - Does the directory exist? function directoryExists { # was: do the cd in a sub-shell so it doesn't change our own PWD # was: if errmsg=$( cd -- "$1" 2>&1 ) ; then if [ -d "$1" ] ; then # was: