Error Rate Transcription
Contents |
Geography of the Cell I: Size and Geometry Cells Size and Geometry Introduction How big are viruses? How big is an E. coli cell and what is its mass? How big is a budding yeast cell? How big is a human cell? How big
Rna Polymerase Error Rate
is a photoreceptor? What is the range of cell sizes and shapes? Organelles How big are dna transcription error rate nuclei? How big is the endoplasmic reticulum of cells? How big are mitochondria? How big are chloroplasts? How big is a synapse? Cellular
Medical Transcription Error Rate
Building Blocks How big are biochemical nuts and bolts? Which is bigger, mRNA or the protein it codes for? How big is the “average” protein? How big are the molecular machines of the central dogma? What is the dna replication error rate thickness of the cell membrane? How big are the cell’s filaments? II: Concentrations and Absolute Numbers Making a cell Concentrations and Absolute Numbers - Introduction What is the elemental composition of a cell? What is the density of cells? What are environmental O2 and CO2 concentrations? What quantities of nutrients need to be supplied in growth media? What is the concentration of bacterial cells in a saturated culture? Cell census What is the pH of a cell? What rate of transcription in eukaryotes are the concentrations of different ions in cells? What are the concentrations of free metabolites in cells? What lipids are most abundant in membranes? How many proteins are in a cell? What are the most abundant proteins in a cell? How much cell-to-cell variability exists in protein expression? What are the concentrations of cytoskeletal molecules? How many mRNAs are in a cell? What is the protein to mRNA ratio? What is the macromolecular composition of the cell? Machines and signals What are the copy numbers of transcription factors? What are the absolute numbers of signaling proteins? How many rhodopsin molecules are in a rod cell? How many ribosomes are in a cell? III: Energies and Forces Biology meets physics Energies and Forces - Introduction What is the thermal energy scale and how is it relevant to biology? What is the energy of a hydrogen bond? What is the energy scale associated with the hydrophobic effect? How much energy is carried by photons used in photosynthesis? What is the entropy cost when two molecules form a complex? How much force is applied by cytoskeletal filaments? What are the physical limits for detection by cells? Energy currencies and budgets How much energy is released in ATP hydrolysis? What is the energy in transfer of a phosphate group? What is the free energy released upon combustion of sugar? What is the redox
& Bioassays Resources...DNA & RNABLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)BLAST (Stand-alone)E-UtilitiesGenBankGenBank:
Going Rate For Transcription
BankItGenBank: SequinGenBank: tbl2asnGenome WorkbenchInfluenza VirusNucleotide DatabasePopSetPrimer-BLASTProSplignReference Sequence going rate for transcription per page (RefSeq)RefSeqGeneSequence Read Archive (SRA)SplignTrace ArchiveUniGeneAll DNA & RNA Resources...Data &
Going Rate For Transcription Services
SoftwareBLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)BLAST (Stand-alone)Cn3DConserved Domain Search Service (CD Search)E-UtilitiesGenBank: BankItGenBank: SequinGenBank: tbl2asnGenome ProtMapGenome WorkbenchPrimer-BLASTProSplignPubChem http://book.bionumbers.org/what-is-the-error-rate-in-transcription-and-translation/ Structure SearchSNP Submission ToolSplignVector Alignment Search Tool (VAST)All Data & Software Resources...Domains & StructuresBioSystemsCn3DConserved Domain Database (CDD)Conserved Domain Search Service (CD Search)Structure (Molecular Modeling Database)Vector Alignment Search Tool (VAST)All Domains & Structures Resources...Genes & ExpressionBioSystemsDatabase http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1805967 of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP)E-UtilitiesGeneGene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Database Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) DatasetsGene Expression Omnibus (GEO) ProfilesGenome WorkbenchHomoloGeneMap ViewerOnline Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)RefSeqGeneUniGeneAll Genes & Expression Resources...Genetics & MedicineBookshelfDatabase of Genotypes and Phenotypes (dbGaP)Genetic Testing RegistryInfluenza VirusMap ViewerOnline Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM)PubMedPubMed Central (PMC)PubMed Clinical QueriesRefSeqGeneAll Genetics & Medicine Resources...Genomes & MapsDatabase of Genomic Structural Variation (dbVar)GenBank: tbl2asnGenomeGenome ProjectGenome ProtMapGenome WorkbenchInfluenza VirusMap ViewerNucleotide DatabasePopSetProSplignSequence Read Archive (SRA)SplignTrace ArchiveAll Genomes & Maps Resources...HomologyBLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool)BLAST (Stand-alone)BLAST Link (BLink)Conserved Domain Database (CDD)Conserved Domain Search Service (CD Search)Genome ProtMapHomoloGeneProtein ClustersAll Homology Resources...LiteratureBookshelfE-UtilitiesJournals in NCBI DatabasesMeSH DatabaseNCBI HandbookNCBI Help ManualNCBI N
across studies. However only fairly simple actions are used in the denominator. The Klemmer and Snyder study shows that much lower error http://panko.shidler.hawaii.edu/HumanErr/Basic.htm rates are possible--in this case for people whose job consisted almost entirely of data entry. The error rate for more complex logic errors is about 5%, based primarily on data on other pages, especially the program development page. Study Detail Error Rate Baddeley & Longman [1973] Entering mail codes. Errors after correction. Per mail code. 0.5% Chedru & Geschwind [1972] error rate Grammatical errors per word 1.1% Dhillon [1986] Reading a gauge incorrectly. Per read. 0.5% Dremen and Berry [1995] Percentage error in security analysts' earnings forecasts for reporting earnings. 1980 / 1985 / 1990. That is, size of error rather than frequency of error. 30% 52% 65% Edmondson [1996] Errors per medication in hospital, based on data presented in the paper. Per dose. 1.6% going rate for Grudin [1983] Error rate per keystroke for six expert typists. Told not to correct errors, although some did. Per keystroke. 1% Hotopf [1980] S sample (speech errors). Per word 0.2% Hotopf [1980] W sample (written exam). Per word 0.9% Hotopf [1980] 10 undergraduates write for 30 minutes, grammatical and spelling errors per word 1.6% Klemmer [1962] Keypunch machine operators, errors per character 0.02% to 0.06% Klemmer [1962] Bank machine operators, errors per check 0.03% Kukich [1992] Nonword spelling errors in uses of telecommunication devices for the deaf. 40,000 words (strings). Per string. 6% Mathias, MacKenzie & Buxton [1996] 10 touch typists averaging 58 words per minute. No error correction. In last session. Per keystroke. 4% Mattson & Baars [1992] Typing study with secretaries and clerks. Nonsense words. Per nonsense word. 7.4% Melchers & Harrington [1982] Students performing calculator tasks and table lookup tasks. Per multipart calculation. Per table lookup. Etc. 1%-2% Mitton [1987] Study of 170,016 errors in high-school essays, spelling errors. Per word. 2.4% Potter [1995] Errors in making entries in an aircraft flight management system. Per keystroke. Higher if heavy workload. 10.0% Rabb