Frame Error Rate Wiki
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be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that have been altered due to noise, interference, distortion or bit error rate calculation bit synchronization errors. The bit error rate (BER) is the number of bit errors per unit
Bit Error Rate Test
time. The bit error ratio (also BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a bit error rate example studied time interval. BER is a unitless performance measure, often expressed as a percentage.[1] The bit error probability pe is the expectation value of the bit error ratio. The bit error ratio can be considered as an approximate estimate of bit error rate vs snr the bit error probability. This estimate is accurate for a long time interval and a high number of bit errors. Contents 1 Example 2 Packet error ratio 3 Factors affecting the BER 4 Analysis of the BER 5 Mathematical draft 6 Bit error rate test 6.1 Common types of BERT stress patterns 7 Bit error rate tester 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Example[edit] As an example, assume this transmitted bit sequence: 0 1 1 0 0
Bit Error Rate Pdf
0 1 0 1 1 and the following received bit sequence: 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1, The number of bit errors (the underlined bits) is, in this case, 3. The BER is 3 incorrect bits divided by 10 transferred bits, resulting in a BER of 0.3 or 30%. Packet error ratio[edit] The packet error ratio (PER) is the number of incorrectly received data packets divided by the total number of received packets. A packet is declared incorrect if at least one bit is erroneous. The expectation value of the PER is denoted packet error probability pp, which for a data packet length of N bits can be expressed as p p = 1 − ( 1 − p e ) N {\displaystyle p_{p}=1-(1-p_{e})^{N}} , assuming that the bit errors are independent of each other. For small bit error probabilities, this is approximately p p ≈ p e N . {\displaystyle p_{p}\approx p_{e}N.} Similar measurements can be carried out for the transmission of frames, blocks, or symbols. Factors affecting the BER[edit] In a communication system, the receiver side BER may be affected by transmission channel noise, interference, distortion, bit synchronization problems, attenuation, wireless multipath fading, etc. The BER may be improved by choosing a strong signal strength (unless this causes cross-talk and more bit errors), by choosing a slow and robust modulation scheme or line coding scheme, and by applying channel
Overview[edit] In digital transmission schemes, including cellular telephony systems such as GSM, a certain percentage of received data will be detected as bit error rate matlab containing errors, and will be discarded. The likelihood that a particular bit acceptable bit error rate will be detected as erroneous is the bit error rate. The RBER characterizes the likelihood that a given
Packet Error Rate
bit will be erroneous but will not be detected as such[2] Applications[edit] When digital communication systems are being designed, the maximum acceptable residual bit error rate can be used, along https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_error_rate with other quality metrics, to calculate the minimum acceptable signal to noise ratio in the system. This in turn provides minimum requirements for the physical and electronic design of the transmitter and receiver.[3] References[edit] ^ Smith, David Russell (2004). Digital transmission systems. Springer. pp.47–48. ISBN1-4020-7587-1. ^ Crols, Jan; Steyaert, Michiel (1997). CMOS wireless transceiver design. Springer. ISBN0-7923-9960-9. ^ Crols, Jan; Steyaert, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual_bit_error_rate Michiel (1997). CMOS wireless transceiver design. Springer. p.109. ISBN0-7923-9960-9. This computer networking article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e This standards- or measurement-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Residual_bit_error_rate&oldid=722958127" Categories: Error detection and correctionComputer network stubsStandards and measurement stubsHidden categories: All stub articles Navigation menu Personal tools Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog in Namespaces Article Talk Variants Views Read Edit View history More Search Navigation Main pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikipedia store Interaction HelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact page Tools What links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationWikidata itemCite this page Print/export Create a bookDownload as PDFPrintable version Languages Add links This page was last modified on 31 May 2016, at 04:13. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie stat
to total data received. Used to determine the quality of a signal connection. If the FER is too high (too many errors), the connection may be dropped. 0 - 92G | 3G | 802.11 AA-GPS (Assisted GPS) | A2DP (Advanced http://www.gsmarena.com/glossary.php3?term=fer Audio Distribution Profile) | AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) | Accelerometer | Airplane mode | Alarm Clock https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_relationship_between_Channel_capacity_FER | Alphanumeric | AMOLED display (Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode) | Analog | Android | ANT+ | Antenna | APN (Access Point Name) | Apple iOS | aptX | Audio jack | Auto-focus | AVRCP (Audio/Video Remote Control Profile) BBada OS | Band | Bandwidth | Bar | Base Station | Benchmarking | Bit | BlackBerry OS | BlackBerry Playbook OS | Bluetooth | error rate bps (Bits per Second) | Brand | Broadband | Browser | Byte CCalculator | Calendar | Call alerts | Calling Plan | Camera | Capacitive Touchscreen | Car Kit | Carrier | CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) | CDMA2000 | Cell | Chipset | cHTML (Compact HyperText Markup Language) | CIF (Common Intermediate Format) | Clamshell | CMOS (Complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor) | Color depth | Concatenated SMS | Corning Gorilla Glass | CPU (Central Processing Unit) | Crosstalk | CSTN (Color bit error rate Super Twisted Nematic) | CTIA | Custom ringtones | CyanogenMod DD-Pad (Direction Pad) | DC-HSDPA (Dual Carrier or Dual Cell High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) | Digital Zoom | Display type | DLNA (Digital Living Network Alliance) | DNSe (Digital Natural Sound engine) | Downlink | DRM (Digital Rights Management) | Dual-band | Dual-Mode | Dual-SIM | DVB-H (Digital Video Broadcasting - Handheld) | Dynamic Memory EEDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution) | EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) | EGPRS | EGSM (Extended GSM) | Email client | EMS (Enhanced Message Service) | EV-DO | EV-DV | Exchangeable covers | External Antenna Jack | External Display FFCC (Federal Communications Commission) | Feature Phone | Femtocell | Firefox OS | Firmware | Fixed-focus | Flash Memory | Flight mode | Flip-down phone | FM Radio | FM Transmitter | Form factor | FOTA (Firmware Over-The-Air) | FPS (Frames Per Second) | Frame Error Rate | Frequency | FTP (File Transfer Protocol) GGB (Gigabyte) | Gbps (Gigabits per second) | Geo-tag | GPRS | GPS (Global Positioning System) | gpsONE | gpsOneXTRA Assistance technology | GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) HH.263 | Half-QWERTY keyboard layout | Handwriting recognition | Haptics | Hot Spot | Hot Swap | HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data) | HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) | HSDPA+ (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Plus) | HSP (Headset Profile) | HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access) | HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
& FER? I want to send bit streams in frames and then calculate the channel capacity. I want the capacity in general form not only for AWGN channels. I wrote the codes for calculating FER and BER in matlab, then I simulated it for different modulations (Bpsk,Qpsk, 8Psk) but now I want to calculate the channel capacity and through put, and I was looking for a specific formula between BER,FER ,PER and capacity. I found these two formula: 1- C = W*log2(1 + BER_gap*SNR); (as Talha Faizur Rahman mentioned it ) 2- C = (Nd* Nb*Rfec*Rstc/Ts)* (1-PER) (in this paper http://arxiv.org/abs/1002.1954) but still I am looking for a way to calculate C from FER. I think it shoul be something like : C = Nominal-Rate (1- FER) but I don't know which parameters should be considered in the nominal rate Topics Wireless Communications × 960 Questions 31,402 Followers Follow May 28, 2014·Modified May 28, 2014 by the commenter. Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Google+ 1 / 0 Popular Answers Abdelhalim Zekry · Ain Shams University Dear Sadaf, The channel capacity by definition is the maximum bit rate that can be transmitted across the channel with a specific bit error ratio. So if you have the frame error rate ref, i.e., the ratio of frames in error to the total number of frames ref, you can calculate bit error rate reb by just dividing the frame error rate ref by the number of bits per frame Nf assuming one bit error in the frame on the average. That is reb= ref / Nf for one bit error in the frame on the average. Then you can calculate the ref max allowed= reb max allowed x Nf So you start with small frame rates and increase it gradually while observing the frame error rate till it becomes equal than the maximum allowed frame error rate rf max allowed. This is then the channel capacity in frames per seconds. You can get the maximum bit error rate which is the channel capacity C. C=rb max= rf x Nf. Where rf is the frame rate and rb is bit rate. o the whole problem i a matter of definition. wish you success. Jun 1, 2014 All Answers (14) Hossein Soleimani · Isfahan University of Technology Dear Sadaf forward error correction(FEC) bits are some bits which are added to bit-stream to protect the original bits against channel noise. for example, we send 7 bits instead of original 4 bits, i.e 3 bits are added. Therefore, the number of raw bits we can send in a second decrease, i.e we can not use all channel capacity to send our original data. As a result the most challenging issue in channel coding is to find a coding method which are robust against noise while it's performance is close to channel capacity defined by Shannon. for exampl