K9lag08u0m Error Rate
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be challenged and removed. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that have been altered due to noise, interference, error rate definition distortion or bit synchronization errors. The bit error rate (BER) is the number of bit errors error rate formula per unit time. The bit error ratio (also BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits
Error Rate Statistics
during a studied time interval. BER is a unitless performance measure, often expressed as a percentage.[1] The bit error probability pe is the expectation value of the bit error ratio. The bit error ratio can be considered as
Bit Error Rate
an approximate estimate of the bit error probability. This estimate is accurate for a long time interval and a high number of bit errors. Contents 1 Example 2 Packet error ratio 3 Factors affecting the BER 4 Analysis of the BER 5 Mathematical draft 6 Bit error rate test 6.1 Common types of BERT stress patterns 7 Bit error rate tester 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Example[edit] As an example, assume this transmitted bit sequence: error rate calculation 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 and the following received bit sequence: 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1, The number of bit errors (the underlined bits) is, in this case, 3. The BER is 3 incorrect bits divided by 10 transferred bits, resulting in a BER of 0.3 or 30%. Packet error ratio[edit] The packet error ratio (PER) is the number of incorrectly received data packets divided by the total number of received packets. A packet is declared incorrect if at least one bit is erroneous. The expectation value of the PER is denoted packet error probability pp, which for a data packet length of N bits can be expressed as p p = 1 − ( 1 − p e ) N {\displaystyle p_{p}=1-(1-p_{e})^{N}} , assuming that the bit errors are independent of each other. For small bit error probabilities, this is approximately p p ≈ p e N . {\displaystyle p_{p}\approx p_{e}N.} Similar measurements can be carried out for the transmission of frames, blocks, or symbols. Factors affecting the BER[edit] In a communication system, the receiver side BER may be affected by transmission channel noise, interference, distortion, bit synchronization problems, attenuation, wireless multipath fading, etc. The BER may be improved by choosing a strong signal strength (unless this causes cross-talk and more bit errors), by choosing a slow and robu
Topics Lighting & LEDs Calendar Multimedia Teardowns HOME TEARDOWNS CONSUMER ELECTRONICS CONSUMER PERIPHERALS ARTICLE Share Consumer Peripherals Magellan Maestro 4250 Portable Navigation Device Teardown IHS Electronics & Media 15 April 2008 The following is an
Percent Error
overview of a teardown analysis conducted by IHS Technology Teardown Services. Sponsored standard error by Main Features / Overview Mid-to-High-end portable automotive navigation system in a very thin (~18mm thick) envelope. The Magellan Maestro 4250 features a 4.3 touch-screen 64K Color WQVGA TFT display, an internal 2200mAh rechargeable Li-ion battery, Bluetooth capability (for hands-free phone calls with Bluetooth-enabled mobile phones), an integrated RDS-TMC https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_error_rate receiver for real time LIVE traffic and an automatic night view function that dims the display at night. In addition the 4250 features an SD card expansion slot in addition to 16Gb of internal NAND flash. The Magellan Maestro 4250 appears to be the top-of-the-line in the Magellan's line up with quite a few features while keeping it within the http://electronics360.globalspec.com/article/3414/magellan-maestro-4250-portable-navigation-device-teardown ""pocket-sized" segments. In fact, per Magellan's press release, it is also ""the thinnest GPS unit in industry" with its 17.8mm thickness, Magellan Maestro 4250 Portable Navigation Device Main Image Target Market Users who demands portability, a large screen and ""premium" features such as live traffic information Released Available October 2007 per Magellan's press release Pricing and Availability Suggested retail price $499 USD per Magellan's web site; however, it is offered by multiple e-tailers online for ~ $299 USD. Volume Estimations For the purposes of this teardown analysis, we have assumed a 2-year lifetime production volume of 500K units (with no changes to hardware - specifically the enclosures). As a reminder, teardown volume production assumptions are primarily used for our cost analysis in terms of amortized NRE and tooling costs, especially for custom components specific to the model being analyzed (mechanical components especially). Unless assumed volumes are different by an order of magnitude, minor changes in volume (say 1 million vs. 2) rarely have a large net effect on our final analysis because of this. Magellan Maestro 4250 Portable Navigation Devic
of Korea Seung-Ho Park Department of Computer Science, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Ku, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea Charles C. Weems Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01002, United States Shin-Dug Kim Department of http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1937312 Computer Science, Yonsei University, 134 Shinchon-Dong, Seodaemun-Ku, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea 2011 Article Bibliometrics ·Downloads (6 Weeks): n/a ·Downloads (12 Months): n/a ·Downloads (cumulative): n/a ·Citation Count: 5 Published in: ·Journal Microprocessors & Microsystems archive Volume 35 Issue 1, February, 2011 Pages 48-59 Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. Amsterdam, The Netherlands, The Netherlands tableofcontents doi>10.1016/j.micpro.2010.08.001 Recent authors with related interests Concepts in this article powered by Concepts error rate inA hybrid flash translation layer design for SLC-MLC flash memory based multibank solid state disk Flash file system A flash file system is a file system designed for storing files on flash memory devices. These are becoming more prevalent as the number of mobile devices is increasing, the cost per memory size decreases, and the capacity of flash memories increases. While a block device layer can emulate a disk drive so k9lag08u0m error rate that a disk file system can be used on a flash device, this is suboptimal for several reasons: Erasing blocks: Flash memory blocks have to be explicitly erased before they can be written to. morefromWikipedia Solid-state drive A solid-state drive (SSD), sometimes called a solid-state disk or electronic disk, is a data storage device that uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently. SSD technology uses electronic interfaces compatible with traditional block I/O hard disk drives. morefromWikipedia Flash memory Flash memory is a non-volatile computer storage chip that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed. It was developed from EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) and must be erased in fairly large blocks before these can be rewritten with new data. The high density NAND type must also be programmed and read in (smaller) blocks, or pages, while the NOR type allows a single machine word (byte) to be written or read independently. morefromWikipedia Multi-level cell In electronics, a multi-level cell (MLC) is a memory element capable of storing more than a single bit of information. MLC NAND flash is a flash memory technology using multiple levels per cell to allow more bits to be stored using the same number of transistors. In single-level cell (SLC) NAND flash technology, ea
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