Error Calculation Elektrical
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and Relative Error 1.3 Significant Digits 2 Numeric Representation 3 Iteration 4 Linear Algebra 5 Interpolation 6 Least Squares 7 Taylor Series 8 Bracketing 9 The Five Techniques 10 Root Finding 11 Optimization 12 Differentiation 13 Integration 14
Percent Error Definition
Initial-value Problems 15 Boundary-value Problems Appendices Error Analysis The value 1.57 is an approximation to
Theoretical Value
the value of π/2 and therefore it has error assocatied with it. How close is 1.57 to π/2 and how can we percent difference formula measure that closeness? In Matlab, if you use this value to calculate sin-1(sin(1.57)), you do not get the exact value back: >> sinpi2 = sin( 1.57 ) sinpi2 = 0.999999682931835 >> asin( sinpi2 ) ans = 1.56999999999999 >> http://ncalculators.com/statistics/percentage-error-calculator.htm x = 1.57 An error has been introduced not from the approximation of π/2, but rather as a result of a numeric computation. Before we can discuss numeric error, we must first define a number of terms which we can use to discuss error mathematically: We will differentiate between giving a large number of digits to approximate a value and actually having a correct value (precision and accuracy, respectively). We will define the absolute and relative https://ece.uwaterloo.ca/~dwharder/NumericalAnalysis/01Error/ errors of an approximation, and We will give an approximation of Topic 2.2 by referring to the number of digits of to which an approximation is correct. Terminology Given any mathematical expression, it follows that if the variables have error, then the result will have an associated error, as well. This passing of error from variables to the result is termed error propagation. It is possible for computations to magnify this error, however, the amount the error is magnified depends on the operation: Example 1 Consider two values 3.54 and 1.22, where 3.54 represents any number in the range from 3.535 to 3.545 and 1.22 represents any number in the range 1.215 to 1.225. Thus, when we add the numbers together, 3.54 + 1.22 = 4.76 could represent any number in the range 4.75 to 4.77 because at one extreme, 3.535 + 1.215 = 4.75, and at the other extreme, 3.545 + 1.225 = 4.77. The width of the first two intervals was 0.01, while the width of the result is 0.02 . In this section, we will give exact definitions to describe this width of error. Example 2 At the other extreme, suppose the two values 3.55 and 3.54 represent numbers in the ranges 3.545 to 3.555 and 3.535 to 3.545, respectively. If we calculate 3.55 - 3.54 = 0.01, the actual value could
tour help Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed answers to any questions you might have Meta Discuss the http://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/7334/serial-communication-and-local-clock-error-calculation workings and policies of this site About Us Learn more about Stack http://www.openelectrical.org/wiki/index.php?title=Current_transformer Overflow the company Business Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us Electrical Engineering Questions Tags Users Badges Unanswered Ask Question _ Electrical Engineering Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for electronics and electrical engineering professionals, students, and enthusiasts. Join them; it only percent error takes a minute: Sign up Here's how it works: Anybody can ask a question Anybody can answer The best answers are voted up and rise to the top Serial Communication and Local Clock error calculation up vote 2 down vote favorite For a 24MHz system, the local clock error associated with transmitting 10-bit character frames at 38.4 Kbaud using the error calculation elektrical SCI of a Freescale Micro is 0.16%. How? I can't figure out the math that actually makes sense to get that number. Any ideas? I'm sure it's easy. uart share|improve this question edited Oct 12 '11 at 14:52 W5VO♦ 12.4k43474 asked Nov 30 '10 at 16:47 Keegan 2 @Keegan - you will have to let us know which Freescale part you are using to give you an accurate answer. –semaj Nov 30 '10 at 17:14 add a comment| 3 Answers 3 active oldest votes up vote 5 down vote accepted Typically an asynchronous communication pin is sampled at 16 times the bit rate. This implies a baudrate generator of: \$\frac{24000000}{16}\frac{1}{38400} = 39.0625 \$ Since the resulting integer value is 39, the resulting error is: \$\frac{0.0625}{39.0625} = 0.0016 \$ or 0.16% share|improve this answer edited Oct 12 '11 at 16:07 Kevin Vermeer 16.3k63985 answered Nov 30 '10 at 17:12 semaj 1,133611 Why the down vote? –semaj Dec 1 '10 at 0:15 add a comment| up vote 3 down vote Here's a tool (for AV
convert a generally high primary current Ip to a k-times lower secondary current Is that can be connected to standard measuring or protection devices. The primary and secondary windings are galvanically separated and can be on a different potential level. The transformation ratio k of a current transformer is the number of secondary turns Ns to the number of primary turns Np and is equal to the primary current Ip over the secondary current Is. Contents 1 Standards for current transformers 1.1 According IEC 1.2 Other standard organisations 2 Functioning of a Current Transformer 3 General properties of a Current Transformer 3.1 The Primary current Ip 3.2 The Secondary current Is 3.3 Dual or Multi-Ratio CT's 3.4 Ratio k 3.5 RCT The internal copper resistance 3.6 Accuracy 3.7 Load, Rated load and Burden 4 The use and specification of Current Transformers 4.1 Protection CT's 4.2 Measurement CT's Standards for current transformers According IEC At the moment TC38 of the IEC is busy converting all the instrument transformers from the 60044-family to the new 61869 family with a general part and specific parts. IEC 60044-1 Consolidated Edition 1.2 (incl. am1+am2) (2003-02) TC/SC 38 Instrument transformers - Part 1: Current transformers IEC 60044-3 Edition 2.0 (2002-12) TC/SC 38 Instrument transformers - Part 3: Combined transformers IEC 60044-6 Edition 1.0 (1992-03) TC/SC 38 Instrument transformers - Part 6: Requirements for protective current transformers for transient performance IEC 60044-8 Edition 1.0 (2002-07) TC/SC 38 Instrument transformers - Part 8: Electronic current transformers IEC 61869-1 Edition 1.0 (2007-10) TC/SC 38 Instrument transformers - Part 1: General requirements Other standard organisations IEEE Std C57.13-1993: IEEE Standard requirements for Instrument transformers Canada CAN3-C13-M83: Instrument transformers Australia AS 1675 Current transformers - Measurement and protection British Standard BS3938 Specifications for Current Transformers (Withdrawn and replaced by IEC 60044-1) Functioning of a Current Transformer Figure 3. The functioning principle of a current transformer Just like a normal voltage transformer, a CT has a primary winding, a secondary winding and a magnetic core. In the window-type and bushing-ty