Maximum Error 10cm3 Pipette
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being actively developed between September 2011 and April 2012, and new content will be added on a day-to-day basis during that period. 100 cm3 measuring cylinder uncertainty Please send any comments/suggestions to graham.currell@uwe.ac.uk Study Text: "Essential Mathematics and Statistics for maximum percentage error Science", 2nd ed, G Currell and A A Dowman (Wiley-Blackwell) QVA (questions and video answers) Tutorials Experimental errors and uncertaintiesStudy percentage error of thermometer Text: Sections 1.2 (p2), 8.2 (p217), 8.3 (p224) Experimental uncertainty and the normal distributionStudy Text: Section 8.1 (p212) Uncertainty and confidence interval of replicate measurementsStudy Text: Section 8.2 (p217) Introduction An experimental result http://www.thestudentroom.co.uk/showthread.php?t=363038 is a ‘best estimate’ of the true value being measured, and •Error = True value – Experimental result The true value, and hence the actual error, is never usually known. The uncertainty in an experimental result (often just called the experimental error) is an estimate of the unknown possible error. In any experimental measurement there are two main types of possible errors: • Random errors http://calcscience.uwe.ac.uk/experimental-errors.aspx – errors that change randomly if the measurement is repeated under the same conditions. The magnitude of this possible error is described by the precision of the measurement. • Systematic errors – errors that remain constant if the measurement were to be repeated under the same conditions. The magnitude of this possible error is described by the bias in the measurement. Many chemists use the term accuracy to describe bias separately from precision. Good experimental design is used to reduce the bias in the experiment, possibly by using standards for comparison and by making measurements under different conditions to convert systematic errors into random errors. Replicate measurements (repeated measurements under the same conditions) and their analysis by statistical methods are used to quantify and counteract the effect of random errors. See Study Text: Section 1.2 Describing uncertainties/errors in a data value Standard deviation uncertainty is used to describe the uncertainty in repeated measurements giving an estimate of the variation in the individual measurments. The variations in many experimental measurements follow a normal distribution of values. It is expected that 68% of such replicated measurements would fall within the range of plus or minus one s
point End point indicators End point detection Equivalence point calculation Titration curve calculation Titration calculation Back titration Sample & titrant volume Volumetric glassware Volumetric glass cleaning Glassware calibration Standard http://www.titrations.info/pipette-burette substances Sources of errors Need more info? Vogel's Quantitative Chemical Analysis by J. Mendham and others Complete list of books Titration » Burette, pipette, flask - volumetric glassware During titration experiments you will be using several types of volumetric glass. They all are designed to help measure volume of a liquid. Some types of the volumetric glass can be used percentage error only to measure predefined volume of solution. These are volumetric flasks and single volume pipettes. They are characterised by a a high accuracy and repeatability of measurements. Flasks are designed to contain (TC, sometimes marked as IN) known volume of the solution, while pipettes are generally designed to deliver (TD, sometimes marked as EX) known volume (although in some rare cases percentage error of they can be designed to contain). This is an important distinction - when you empty pipette you deliver exactly required volume and you dont have to worry about the solution that is left on the pipette walls and in pipette tip. At the same time you will never know how much solution was in the pipette. On the contrary, volumetric flask is known to contain required volume, but if you will pour the solution to some other flask you will never know how much of the solution was transferred. Both kinds of glass were designed this way as they serve different purposes. Volumetric flask is used to dilute original sample to known volume, so it is paramount that it contains exact volume. Pipette is used to transfer the solution, so it is important that it delivers known volume. Note, that volumetric pipettes are designed in such a way that after a fluid is dispensed, a small drop of liquid will remain in the tip. In general you should not blow this drop out. The correct volume will be
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