Python File Io Error
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you have probably seen some. There are (at least) two distinguishable kinds of errors: syntax errors and exceptions. python exception class 8.1. Syntax Errors¶ Syntax errors, also known as parsing errors, are
Python Exception Message
perhaps the most common kind of complaint you get while you are still learning Python: >>>
Python Custom Exception
while True print('Hello world') File "
Python Raise Valueerror
at the earliest point in the line where the error was detected. The error is caused by (or at least detected at) the token preceding the arrow: in the example, the error is detected at the function print(), since a colon (':') is missing before it. File name and line number are printed so python exception stack trace you know where to look in case the input came from a script. 8.2. Exceptions¶ Even if a statement or expression is syntactically correct, it may cause an error when an attempt is made to execute it. Errors detected during execution are called exceptions and are not unconditionally fatal: you will soon learn how to handle them in Python programs. Most exceptions are not handled by programs, however, and result in error messages as shown here: >>> 10 * (1/0) Traceback (most recent call last): File "
This module never needs to be imported explicitly: the exceptions are provided in the built-in namespace as well as the exceptions module. For class exceptions, in a python print exception try statement with an except clause that mentions a particular syntax for generic except clause in python class, that clause also handles any exception classes derived from that class (but not exception classes from which it python catch multiple exceptions is derived). Two exception classes that are not related via subclassing are never equivalent, even if they have the same name. The built-in exceptions listed below can be generated by the https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/errors.html interpreter or built-in functions. Except where mentioned, they have an "associated value" indicating the detailed cause of the error. This may be a string or a tuple containing several items of information (e.g., an error code and a string explaining the code). The associated value is the second argument to the raise statement. If the exception class is derived from the https://docs.python.org/2/library/exceptions.html standard root class BaseException, the associated value is present as the exception instance's args attribute. User code can raise built-in exceptions. This can be used to test an exception handler or to report an error condition "just like" the situation in which the interpreter raises the same exception; but beware that there is nothing to prevent user code from raising an inappropriate error. The built-in exception classes can be subclassed to define new exceptions; programmers are encouraged to derive new exceptions from the Exception class or one of its subclasses, and not from BaseException. More information on defining exceptions is available in the Python Tutorial under User-defined Exceptions. The following exceptions are only used as base classes for other exceptions. exception BaseException¶ The base class for all built-in exceptions. It is not meant to be directly inherited by user-defined classes (for that, use Exception). If str() or unicode() is called on an instance of this class, the representation of the argument(s) to the instance are returned, or the empty string when there were no arguments. New in
Working with File Objects 6.2.1. Reading Files 6.2.2. Closing Files 6.2.3. Handling I/O Errors 6.2.4. Writing to Files 6.3. Iterating with for Loops 6.4. Using sys.modules 6.5. Working with Directories http://www.diveintopython.net/file_handling/ 6.6. Putting It All Together 6.7. Summary In this chapter, you will dive http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/thinkCSpy/html/chap11.html into exceptions, file objects, for loops, and the os and sys modules. If you've used exceptions in another programming language, you can skim the first section to get a sense of Python's syntax. Be sure to tune in again for file handling. 6.1.Handling Exceptions 6.1.1. Using Exceptions For Other Purposes Like python exception many other programming languages, Python has exception handling via try...except blocks. Python uses try...except to handle exceptions and raise to generate them. Java and C++ use try...catch to handle exceptions, and throw to generate them. Exceptions are everywhere in Python. Virtually every module in the standard Python library uses them, and Python itself will raise them in a lot of different circumstances. You've already seen python file io them repeatedly throughout this book. Accessing a non-existent dictionary key will raise a KeyError exception. Searching a list for a non-existent value will raise a ValueError exception. Calling a non-existent method will raise an AttributeError exception. Referencing a non-existent variable will raise a NameError exception. Mixing datatypes without coercion will raise a TypeError exception. In each of these cases, you were simply playing around in the Python IDE: an error occurred, the exception was printed (depending on your IDE, perhaps in an intentionally jarring shade of red), and that was that. This is called an unhandled exception. When the exception was raised, there was no code to explicitly notice it and deal with it, so it bubbled its way back to the default behavior built in to Python, which is to spit out some debugging information and give up. In the IDE, that's no big deal, but if that happened while your actual Python program was running, the entire program would come to a screeching halt. An exception doesn't need result in a complete program crash, though. Exceptions, when raised, can be handled. Sometimes an exception is really because you h
exceptions While a program is running, its data is in memory. When the program ends, or the computer shuts down, data in memory disappears. To store data permanently, you have to put it in a file. Files are usually stored on a hard drive, floppy drive, or CD-ROM. When there are a large number of files, they are often organized into directories (also called "folders"). Each file is identified by a unique name, or a combination of a file name and a directory name. By reading and writing files, programs can exchange information with each other and generate printable formats like PDF. Working with files is a lot like working with books. To use a book, you have to open it. When you're done, you have to close it. While the book is open, you can either write in it or read from it. In either case, you know where you are in the book. Most of the time, you read the whole book in its natural order, but you can also skip around. All of this applies to files as well. To open a file, you specify its name and indicate whether you want to read or write. Opening a file creates a file object. In this example, the variable f refers to the new file object. >>> f = open("test.dat","w") >>> print f