Audio Cd Error Correction
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Compact Disc Error Correction
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Cd Player Error Correction
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Exact Audio Copy Error Correction
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mm. As illustrated below, typical dust particles are much smaller than that. As the laser is further focused down to about 1.7 micrometers at the depth of the pits, any shadow from the small defects http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/audio/cdplay4.html is blurred and indistinct and does not cause a read error. Larger defects are handled by error-correcting codes in the handling of the digital data. IndexCD conceptsSound reproduction conceptsReferenceRossingPhysics Teacher, Dec. 87 HyperPhysics***** Sound R Nave Go Back Error-Correction of CD Signals The data on a compact disc is encoded in such a way that some well- developed error-correction schemes can be used. A sophisticated error- correction code known as CIRC (cross interleave Reed-Solomon code) is used to error correction deal with both burst errors from dirt and scratches and random errors from inaccurate cutting of the disc. The data on the disc are formatted in frames which contain 408 bits of audio data and another 180 bits of data which include parity and sync bits and a subcode. A given frame can contain information from other frames and the correlation between frames can be used to minimize errors. Errors on the disc could lead to some output cd error correction frequencies above 22kHz (half the sampling frequency of 44.1 kHz) which could cause serious problems by "aliasing" down to audible frequencies. A technique called oversampling is used to reduce such noise. Using a digital filter to sample four times and average provides a 6-decibel improvement in signal-to-noise ratio. For more details, see the references. IndexCD conceptsSound reproduction conceptsReferencesRossingPhysics Teacher, Dec. 87Myaoka HyperPhysics***** Sound R Nave Go Back Data Encoding on Compact Discs When the laser in a compact disc player sweeps over the track of pits which represents the data, a transition from a flat area to a pit area or vice versa is interpreted as a binary 1, and the absence of a transition in a time interval called a clock cycle is interpreted as a binary 0. This kind of detection is called an NRZI code. The particular NRZI code used with compact discs is EFM (eight-to-fourteen modulation) in which eight bits of data are represented by fourteen channel bits. In addition to the actual digital sound data, parity and sync bits and a subcode are also recorded on the disc in "frames" . In a given frame, 408 bits of audio data are recorded with another 180 bits of data which permit a sophisticated error-correction code to be used. A given frame can contain information from other frames and the correlation between frames can be used to minimize errors.