How To Write A Sources Of Error
purpose of this section is to explain how and why the results deviate from the expectations. Error analysis should include a calculation of how much the results vary from expectations. This can be done by calculating the percent error observed in the experiment. Percent Error = 100 x (Observed- Expected)/Expected Observed = Average of experimental values observed Expected = The value that was expected based on hypothesis The error analysis should then mention sources of error that explain why your results and your expectations differ. Sources of error must be specific. "Manual error" or "human error" are not acceptable sources of error as they do not specify exactly what is causing the variations. Instead, one must discuss the systematic errors in the procedure (see below) to explain such sources of error in a more rigorous way. Once you have identified the sources of error, you must explain how they affected your results. Did they make your experimental values increase or decrease. Why? One can classify these source of error into one of two types: 1) systematic error, and 2) random error. Systematic Error Systematic errors result from flaws in the procedure. Consider the Battery testing experiment where the lifetime of a battery is determined by measuring the amount of time it takes for the battery to die. A flaw in the procedure would be testing the batteries on different electronic devices in repeated trials. Because different devices take in different amounts of electricity, the measured time it would take for a battery to die would be different in each trial, resulting in error. Because systematic errors result from flaws inherent in the procedure, they can be eliminated by recognizing such flaws and correcting them in the future. Random Error Random errors result from our limitations in making measurements necessary for our experiment. All measuring instruments are limited by how precise they are. The precision of an instrument refers to the smallest difference between two quantities that the instrument can recognize. For example, the smallest markings on a normal metric ruler are separated by 1mm. This means that the length of an object can be measured accurately only to within 1mm. The true length of the object might vary by almost as much as 1mm. As a result, it is not possible to determine with certainty the exact length of the object. Another source of random error relates to how easily the measurement can be made. Suppose you are trying to determine the pH of a solution using pH pa
Higher Education Other Higher Education How to Write Sources of Error in a Lab Report How to Write Sources of Error in a Lab Report By Sharika Sanku eHow Contributor Sharika Sanku Follow Pin Share Tweet Share Email Save Digital Vision./Digital Vision/Getty Images The components of a lab report are important to any scientific explanation of an experiment. Sources of error are vital to understanding the benefits and flaws of procedures during your experience. Things You'll Need http://sciencefair.math.iit.edu/writing/error/ Description of procedures List of precise materials necessary Internet or manual about experiment Review steps of experiment. Reread procedures outlined in manuals from before the experiment and your own reflective write up of the experimental steps. Recall the mechanisms you used and any problems that may have come up. This may include measurements in weighing and alterations of http://www.ehow.com/how_5832224_write-sources-error-lab-report.html steps as necessary. Mark down changes from procedure. Changes can be things you personally did differently, or modifications your instructor or lab manual dictates to the original form of the experiment. Any mistakes you may have made during the experiment, however little they are, should also be noted. These divergences are all potential sources of error that can lead your result to be different from the desired specifications. Cogently explain potential errors. Go through your list of marked down divergences and explain how each could have produced a slightly variegated result. Almost every mistake, transformation and step can have a different effect on procedures. Nothing is entirely and perfectly reproduced in a trial. Be sure to state the required procedure, and elucidate how your experiment was slightly different. Then dictate how this change could have produced error. Tasks as simple as transferring a solution or measuring solvent can produce error on a minute level. Be sure to properly assess each step you have taken and write an elaborate explanation of how th
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