Interpreted Program Syntax Error
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way of thinking combines some of the best features of mathematics, engineering, and natural science. Like mathematicians, computer scientists use formal languages to denote ideas (specifically computations). Like engineers, they
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design things, assembling components into systems and evaluating tradeoffs among alternatives. Like scientists, they logic error example observe the behavior of complex systems, form hypotheses, and test predictions. The single most important skill for a computer scientist is
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problem solving. Problem solving means the ability to formulate problems, think creatively about solutions, and express a solution clearly and accurately. As it turns out, the process of learning to program is an excellent opportunity http://www.codeproject.com/Questions/283581/Syntax-error-in-Compiled-and-Interpreted-languages to practice problem-solving skills. That's why this chapter is called, The way of the program. On one level, you will be learning to program, a useful skill by itself. On another level, you will use programming as a means to an end. As we go along, that end will become clearer. 1.1. The Python programming language¶ The programming language you will be learning is Python. Python is an example of a http://www.openbookproject.net/thinkcs/python/english2e/ch01.html high-level language; other high-level languages you might have heard of are C++, PHP, and Java. As you might infer from the name high-level language, there are also low-level languages, sometimes referred to as machine languages or assembly languages. Loosely speaking, computers can only execute programs written in low-level languages. Thus, programs written in a high-level language have to be processed before they can run. This extra processing takes some time, which is a small disadvantage of high-level languages. But the advantages are enormous. First, it is much easier to program in a high-level language. Programs written in a high-level language take less time to write, they are shorter and easier to read, and they are more likely to be correct. Second, high-level languages are portable, meaning that they can run on different kinds of computers with few or no modifications. Low-level programs can run on only one kind of computer and have to be rewritten to run on another. Due to these advantages, almost all programs are written in high-level languages. Low-level languages are used only for a few specialized applications. Two kinds of programs process high-level languages into low-level languages: interpreters and compilers. An interpreter reads a high-level program and executes it, meaning that it does what the prog
statement is scanned for syntax errors. During the execution phase, the DATA step writes observations to the new data set. Compilation Phase At the beginning of the compilation phase, the input buffer and the program data vector are created. The http://jpsmonline.umd.edu/SASOnlineTutor/sot12/en/60476/m22/m22_45.htm program data vector is the area of memory where data sets are built, one observation at a time. Two automatic variables are also created: _N_ counts the number of DATA step executions, and _ERROR_ signals the occurrence of an error. DATA step statements are checked for syntax errors, such as invalid options or misspellings. Execution Phase During the execution phase, each record in the input file is processed, stored in the program data vector, and then written syntax error to the new data set as an observation. The DATA step executes once for each record in the input file, unless otherwise directed. Diagnosing Errors in the Compilation Phase Missing semicolons, misspelled keywords, and invalid options will cause syntax errors in the compilation phase. Detected errors are underlined and are identified with a number and message in the log. If SAS can interpret a syntax error, the DATA step compiles and executes; if SAS cannot interpret the interpreted program syntax error, the DATA step compiles but doesn't execute. Diagnosing Errors in the Execution Phase Illegal mathematical operations or processing a character variable as numeric will cause errors in the execution phase. Depending on the type of error, the log might show a warning and might include invalid data from the program data vector, and the DATA step either stops or continues. Testing Your Programs To detect common errors and save development time, compile and execute your program without creating observations. Specify the keyword _NULL_ as the data set name to view compilation or execution errors without creating a data set. Or use the OBS= option in the INFILE statement to limit the number of observations that are read or created during the DATA step. You can also use the PUT statement to examine variable values and to generate your own message in the log. Syntax To go to the page where a statement or option was presented, select a link. DATA <_NULL_|SAS-data-set>; INFILE file-specification OBS=n; INPUT variable-1 informat-1 input-pointer-control-1 < . . .variable-n informat-n input-pointer-control-n>; PUT specification(s); RUN; Sample Programs data perm.update; infile invent; input Item $ 1-13 IDnum $ 15-19 InStock 21-22 BackOrd 24-25; Total=instock+backord; run; data work.test; infile loan; input Code $ 1 Amount 3-10; if code='1' then type='variable'; else if code='2' then type='fixed'; else put 'MY NOT
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