Define Human Error Theory
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Island accident), aviation (see pilot error), space exploration (e.g., the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster and Space Shuttle Columbia disaster), and medicine (see medical error). Prevention of human error is generally
Define Human Error In Science
seen as a major contributor to reliability and safety of (complex) systems. Contents 1 define human error in aviation Definition 2 Performance 3 Categories 4 Sources 5 Controversies 6 See also 7 References Definition[edit] Human error means that something
Define Human Error Analysis
has been done that was "not intended by the actor; not desired by a set of rules or an external observer; or that led the task or system outside its acceptable limits".[1] In human error theory definition short, it is a deviation from intention, expectation or desirability.[1] Logically, human actions can fail to achieve their goal in two different ways: the actions can go as planned, but the plan can be inadequate (leading to mistakes); or, the plan can be satisfactory, but the performance can be deficient (leading to slips and lapses).[2][3] However, a mere failure is not an error if there had been no human error theory in nursing plan to accomplish something in particular.[1] Performance[edit] Human error and performance are two sides of the same coin: "human error" mechanisms are the same as "human performance" mechanisms; performance later categorized as 'error' is done so in hindsight:[4][5] therefore actions later termed "human error" are actually part of the ordinary spectrum of human behaviour. The study of absent-mindedness in everyday life provides ample documentation and categorization of such aspects of behavior. While human error is firmly entrenched in the classical approaches to accident investigation and risk assessment, it has no role in newer approaches such as resilience engineering.[6] Categories[edit] There are many ways to categorize human error.[7][8] exogenous versus endogenous (i.e., originating outside versus inside the individual)[9] situation assessment versus response planning[10] and related distinctions in errors in problem detection (also see signal detection theory) errors in problem diagnosis (also see problem solving) errors in action planning and execution[11] (for example: slips or errors of execution versus mistakes or errors of intention[12][13]) By level of analysis; for example, perceptual (e.g., optical illusions) versus cognitive versus communication versus organizational. Sources[edit] The cognitive study of human error is a very active research field, including work related to limits of memory and attenti
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Human Error Examples
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Human Error Chemistry Definition
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navigation, searchHERE Article Information Category: Human Behaviour Content source: SKYbrary Content control: SKYbrary Contents 1 Definition 2 Description 3 Slips and Lapses 3.1 Examples of slips and http://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Human_Error_Types lapses in aviation 4 Mistakes 4.1 Example of mistake 5 Error frequencies http://panko.shidler.hawaii.edu/HumanErr/Theory.htm 6 Error detection and correction 7 Related Articles 8 Further Reading Definition Errors are the result of actions that fail to generate the intended outcomes. They are categorized according to the cognitive processes involved towards the goal of the action and according to whether they are related to human error planning or execution of the activity. Description Actions by human operators can fail to achieve their goal in two different ways: The actions can go as planned, but the plan can be inadequate, or the plan can be satisfactory, but the performance can still be deficient (Hollnagel, 1993). Errors can be broadly distinguished in two categories: Category 1 - A define human error person intends to carry out an action, the action is appropriate, carries it out incorrectly, and the desired goal is not achieved. - An execution failure has occurred. Execution errors are called Slips and Lapses. They result from failures in the execution and/or storage stage of an action sequence. Slips relate to observable actions and are commonly associated with attentional or perceptual failures. Lapses are more internal events and generally involve failures of memory. Category 2 - A person intends to carry out an action, does so correctly, the action is inappropriate, and the desired goal is not achieved - A planning failure has occurred. Planning failures are Mistakes. “Mistakes may be defined as deficiencies or failures in the judgmental and/or inferential processes involved in the selection of an objective or in the specification of the means to achieve it.” (Reason, 1990). Execution errors correspond to the Skill based level of Rasmussen’s levels of performance (Rasmussen 1986), while planning errors correspond to the Rule and Knowledge-based levels (see Figure 1) Figure 1: execution and planning failures adapted fro
accidents, and commercial aircraft disasters. Initially, error research in these specialties evolved in parallel, with only limited cross-fertilization. In recent years, however, the specialties have been growing closer and have been converging toward a common set of findings and at least partial theories. Recently, Reason [1990] has summarized a great deal of research on human error. An edited volume by Baars [1992a] has summarized research on speech errors, which is arguably the most mature human error specialty. The Emerging Model Perhaps the most important aspect of convergence in human error research has been movement toward at least a partial model of human cognition consistent with a broad spectrum of human error research. Figure 1, which illustrates the basic elements of this emerging model, is drawn from Reasons [1990] Generic Error-Modelling System (GEMS) and Baars [1992b] Global Workspace (GW) Theory. Reason [1990, 46] cites several related theories. Figure 1: Emerging Model of Cognition Before discussing this emerging model of cognition, it is important to understand that this is not a model for errors alone. It is a model for overall cognition. Researchers now agree that both correct performance and errors follow from the same underlying cognitive processes [Reason, 1990, p. 36]. Human cognition uses processes that allow us to be amazingly fast [Reason, 1990], to respond flexibly to new situations [Reason, 1990], and to juggle several tasks at once [Flower & Hayes, 1980]. Unfortunately, these processes inevitably produce occasional errors. As Reason [1990, p. 36] expressed the situation, "an adequate theory of human action must account not only for correct performance, but also for the more predictable varieties of human error. Systematic error forms and correct performance are seen as two sides of the same theoretical coin." In most situations, the occasional errors produced by human cognitive processes rarely cause serious problems. In large spreadsheet models with thousands of cells, however, even a minuscule error rate can lead to disaster. The Automatic Subsystem Figure 1 shows that the model has three interacting subsystems. One is the automatic subsystem, which is characterized by cognition below the level of consciousness. A great deal