Human Error Theories
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Human Error Definition
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Types Of Human Error
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accidents, and commercial aircraft disasters. Initially, error research in these specialties evolved in parallel,
Causes Of Human Error In The Workplace
with only limited cross-fertilization. In recent years, however, the specialties have human error models and management been growing closer and have been converging toward a common set of findings and at least
James Reason Human Error
partial theories. Recently, Reason [1990] has summarized a great deal of research on human error. An edited volume by Baars [1992a] has summarized research on speech http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416422 errors, which is arguably the most mature human error specialty. The Emerging Model Perhaps the most important aspect of convergence in human error research has been movement toward at least a partial model of human cognition consistent with a broad spectrum of human error research. Figure 1, which illustrates the basic elements of http://panko.shidler.hawaii.edu/HumanErr/Theory.htm this emerging model, is drawn from Reason’s [1990] Generic Error-Modelling System (GEMS) and Baars’ [1992b] Global Workspace (GW) Theory. Reason [1990, 46] cites several related theories. Figure 1: Emerging Model of Cognition Before discussing this emerging model of cognition, it is important to understand that this is not a model for errors alone. It is a model for overall cognition. Researchers now agree that both correct performance and errors follow from the same underlying cognitive processes [Reason, 1990, p. 36]. Human cognition uses processes that allow us to be amazingly fast [Reason, 1990], to respond flexibly to new situations [Reason, 1990], and to juggle several tasks at once [Flower & Hayes, 1980]. Unfortunately, these processes inevitably produce occasional errors. As Reason [1990, p. 36] expressed the situation, "an adequate theory of human action must account not only for correct performance, but also for the more predictable varieties of human error. Systematic error forms and correct perform
of Human Error It has long been acknowledged that human performance is at times imperfect. Nearly two thousand years ago, the http://www.crewresourcemanagement.net/human-error-reliability-and-error-management/basic-theory-of-human-error Roman philosopher Cicero cautioned "It is the nature of man to err"?. It is an unequivocal fact that whenever men and women are involved in an activity, human error will occur at some point. In his book "Human Error"?, Professor James Reason defines error as follows: Error will be taken as a generic term to encompass human error all those occasions in which a planned sequence of mental or physical activities fails to achieve its intended outcome, and when these failures cannot be attributed to the intervention of some chance agency. Search for: Home Introduction Module 1 - Information Processing Sensory Receptors and Sensory Stores Attention and Perception Decision Making Memory Motor Programmes Situation Awareness of human error Information Processing Limitations Attention and Perception Decision Making, Memory, and Motor Programmes Module 2 - Human Error, Reliability and Error Management Basic Theory of Human Error Error Models and Theories Design Versus Operator Induced Errors Variable Versus Constant Errors Reversible Versus Irreversible Errors Slips, Lapses, Mistakes and Violations Skill, Rule, and Knowledge Based Behaviours and Associated Errors Violations Error Management Module 3 - Fatigue and Workload Management Arousal and Workload Stress Sleep, Fatigue and Circadian Rhythms Fatigue Module 4 - Situational Awareness Definitions Basic Theory Elements Of SA Levels Of SA Stress Tips for good Situational Awareness Clues to Loss of SA Examples Module 5 - Communication & Management The Debrief Communication Leadership/Followship Crew Co-Ordination Leadership and Managerial Skills Decision Making Module 6 - Automation Training for Automation Cockpit Automation Concerns The Roles of Design, Training and Airmanship Current Cockpit Design Philosophies Automation Philosophy Summary Module 7 - CRM for Single Pilots flightorg © 2016 Crew Resource Management ↑ CRM Powered by Flight