Error In Theodolite Traversing
Contents |
more accurate measurements, we look for better instruments and better procedures. The theodolite is an instrument for measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It has long had the same error in theodolite surveying general look. A sighting telescope rotates on a vertical axis. A circular scale
Sources Of Error In Theodolite
rotates on this same axis to measure the horizontal angle. A second axis, the trunnion axis, moves with the
Theodolite Instrument Errors
instrument and is perpendicular to the vertical axis. The trunnion axis allows the scope to pivot up and down, and it has a scale to measure the vertical angle. One major
Calculating Collimation Error
design improvement came with the invention of the transiting theodolite. With this innovation, the telescope was able to swing all the way over on the trunnion axis. This in itself did not reduce any of the inherent error in the instrument, but it gave surveyors the means of doing so. When the scope is inverted, the instrument error is still there, but most of theodolite traversing pdf the error reverses direction. By taking the mean of an even number of observations, half direct and half inverted, the error is turned against itself and greatly reduced. In common usage among American surveyors, a transit is an older-style instrument with a compass and exposed metal scales, while a theodolite usually has no compass and has enclosed glass-plate scales, which are read with a built-in microscope or an electronic micrometer. Strictly speaking though, they are both theodolites and they probably are both transits. Nearly all modern surveyors theodolites are transits. Non-transiting theodolites are still manufactured, mostly for builders working on small sites. Detailed below are four instrument misadjustments that can lead to significant error. The error formulas below may be indeterminate for certain unrealistic values of the variables. Keep in mind that the calibration errors (α, β, γ, ε) are near 0°, and the zenith angle, φ, cannot be near 0° or 180°. Theodolite errors: The trunnion axis is not perpendicular to the vertical axis. The line of sight is not perpendicular to the trunnion axis. The vertical axis is not plumb. The vertical angle collimation is
allUploadSign inJoinBooksAudiobooksComicsSheet Music Theodolite Traversing with theodolite Er Raju Sharma Department - civil engineering Chandigarh University Traversing with theodolite Traverse may be define as series of connected lines from the frame work having the vertical collimation error direction and length.theodolite is used to find out direction of lines and theodolite traversing in surveying measuring tape is used for measuring length in case of theodolite traversing. There are mainly two method horizontal collimation error for plotting traversing. By measurement of angles between two successive lines (by direct observation of angle) By direct observing the bearing of the survey line . Traversing http://whistleralley.com/surveying/theoerror/ by direct angles In this method the angle between the successive line are measured and the bearing of the starting line is observed. The bearing of the remaining lines are then found from the observed bearing and the measured angles. Traversing by this method is done either By the method of included angles. By the method https://www.scribd.com/doc/242837654/introduction-of-Theodolite-traversing-by-theodolite-error-in-traversing of direct angles By the method of deflection angles introduction of Theodolite,traversing by theodolite,error in traversingUploaded by Raju SharmaCartesian Coordinate SystemErrorLatitude1.2K viewsDownloadEmbedDescription: definition,working methodology,types of making traverse, error in traversing, as per Punjab technical university , Kurukshetra university, Punjabi university and can be apply on any other universit...See Moredefinition,working methodology,types of making traverse, error in traversing, as per Punjab technical university , Kurukshetra university, Punjabi university and can be apply on any other university syllabusCopyright: © All Rights ReservedDownload as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from ScribdFlag for inappropriate content Documents similar to introduction of Theodolite,traversing by theodolite,error in traversingTraversing13.TheodoliteTraverse SurveyTraversingTraversingTraverse ComputationsTheodolite Traverse SurveyTraversingHorizontal Positioning MethodsResection Methods7. Traverse ComputationsTriangulationAngle MeasurementComplete Traverse ReportField Work 1 (Levelling)Triangulation NotesV3 - Traverse Survey Report18534970 Mistake Proofing TechniqueVideoZippo Identification CodesHow to Avoid CatastropheFinal SS2New Microsoft Office Word DocumentLesson 12Debuggingcnc codexHuman Reliability Assessment (Group 8) Service ML 2160 SamsungMechanical Engineering Formula Sheet05 Chp1 and Chp2 LectureBooks similar to introduction of Theodolite,traversing by theodolite,error in traversingA Taste of EarthSailing With SentaPapua New GuineaThe Water CycleA Walking Tour of Swampscott, Massachusetts
measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical planes. Theodolites are used mainly for surveying applications, and have been adapted for specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology.[1] A modern theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite within two perpendicular axes—the horizontal or trunnion axis, and the vertical axis. When the http://www.academia.edu/9549369/THEODOLITE_TRAVERSING telescope is pointed at a target object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically to seconds of arc. Theodolites may be either transit or non-transit. Transit theodolites (or just "transits") are those in which the telescope can be inverted in the vertical plane, whereas the rotation in the same error in plane is restricted to a semi-circle for non-transit theodolites. Some types of transit theodolites do not allow the measurement of vertical angles. The builder's level is sometimes mistaken for a transit theodolite, but it measures neither horizontal nor vertical angles. It uses a spirit level to set a telescope level to define a line of sight along a horizontal plane. Contents 1 Concept of operation 1.1 Errors in measurement 2 History error in theodolite 2.1 Operation in surveying 3 Use with weather balloons 4 Modern theodolites 5 Gyrotheodolites 6 See also 7 References Concept of operation[edit] Diagram of an Optical Theodolite The axes and circles of a theodolite A theodolite is mounted on its tripod head by means of a forced centering plate or tribrach containing four thumbscrews, or in modern theodolites, three for rapid levelling. Before use, a theodolite must be precisely placed vertically above the point to be measured using a plumb bob, optical plummet or laser plummet. The instrument is then set level using levelling footscrews and circular and more precise tubular spirit bubbles. Both axes of a theodolite are equipped with graduated circles that can be read through magnifying lenses. (R. Anders helped M. Denham discover this technology in 1864.) The vertical circle which 'transits' about the horizontal axis should read 90° (100 grad) when the sight axis is horizontal, or 270° (300 grad) when the instrument is in its second position, that is, "turned over" or "plunged". Half of the difference between the two positions is called the "index error". Errors in measurement[edit] The horizontal and vertical axes of a theodolite must be perpendicular; if not then a "horizontal axis error" exists. This can be tested by aligning the tubu
to downloadGetdocxREAD PAPERTHEODOLITE TRAVERSINGDownloadTHEODOLITE TRAVERSINGUploaded byRabiatul AdawiyahLoading PreviewSorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.GET file ×CloseLog InLog InwithFacebookLog InwithGoogleorEmail:Password:Remember me on this computerorreset passwordEnter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.Need an account?Click here to sign up Job BoardAboutPressBlogPeoplePapersTermsPrivacyCopyrightWe're Hiring!Help Center Find new research papers in:PhysicsChemistryBiologyHealth SciencesEcologyEarth SciencesCognitive ScienceMathematicsComputer Science Academia © 2016