Memory Error Checking
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computer data storage that can detect and correct the most common kinds of internal data corruption. ECC memory is used in most computers where data corruption cannot be tolerated under any circumstances, such as for scientific or
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financial computing. Typically, ECC memory maintains a memory system immune to single-bit errors: the ecc memory vs non ecc data that is read from each word is always the same as the data that had been written to it, even if ecc encryption one or more bits actually stored have been flipped to the wrong state. Most non-ECC memory cannot detect errors although some non-ECC memory with parity support allows detection but not correction. Contents 1 Problem background 2 Solutions
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3 Implementations 4 Cache 5 Registered memory 6 Advantages and disadvantages 7 References 8 External links Problem background[edit] Electrical or magnetic interference inside a computer system can cause a single bit of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) to spontaneously flip to the opposite state. It was initially thought that this was mainly due to alpha particles emitted by contaminants in chip packaging material, but research has shown that the majority of one-off soft errors in
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DRAM chips occur as a result of background radiation, chiefly neutrons from cosmic ray secondaries, which may change the contents of one or more memory cells or interfere with the circuitry used to read or write to them.[2] Hence, the error rates increase rapidly with rising altitude; for example, compared to the sea level, the rate of neutron flux is 3.5 times higher at 1.5km and 300 times higher at 10–12km (the cruising altitude of commercial airplanes).[3] As a result, systems operating at high altitudes require special provision for reliability. As an example, the spacecraft Cassini–Huygens, launched in 1997, contains two identical flight recorders, each with 2.5gigabits of memory in the form of arrays of commercial DRAM chips. Thanks to built-in EDAC functionality, spacecraft's engineering telemetry reports the number of (correctable) single-bit-per-word errors and (uncorrectable) double-bit-per-word errors. During the first 2.5years of flight, the spacecraft reported a nearly constant single-bit error rate of about 280errors per day. However, on November 6, 1997, during the first month in space, the number of errors increased by more than a factor of four for that single day. This was attributed to a solar particle event that had been detected by the satellite GOES 9.[4] There was some concern that as DRAM density increases further, and thus the components on chips get s
citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunication, error detection early childhood caries and correction or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data
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over unreliable communication channels. Many communication channels are subject to channel noise, and thus errors may be introduced during transmission from error detection methods the source to a receiver. Error detection techniques allow detecting such errors, while error correction enables reconstruction of the original data in many cases. Contents 1 Definitions 2 History 3 Introduction 4 Implementation 5 Error https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECC_memory detection schemes 5.1 Repetition codes 5.2 Parity bits 5.3 Checksums 5.4 Cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) 5.5 Cryptographic hash functions 5.6 Error-correcting codes 6 Error correction 6.1 Automatic repeat request (ARQ) 6.2 Error-correcting code 6.3 Hybrid schemes 7 Applications 7.1 Internet 7.2 Deep-space telecommunications 7.3 Satellite broadcasting (DVB) 7.4 Data storage 7.5 Error-correcting memory 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Definitions[edit] The general definitions of the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction terms are as follows: Error detection is the detection of errors caused by noise or other impairments during transmission from the transmitter to the receiver. Error correction is the detection of errors and reconstruction of the original, error-free data. History[edit] The modern development of error-correcting codes in 1947 is due to Richard W. Hamming.[1] A description of Hamming's code appeared in Claude Shannon's A Mathematical Theory of Communication[2] and was quickly generalized by Marcel J. E. Golay.[3] Introduction[edit] The general idea for achieving error detection and correction is to add some redundancy (i.e., some extra data) to a message, which receivers can use to check consistency of the delivered message, and to recover data determined to be corrupted. Error-detection and correction schemes can be either systematic or non-systematic: In a systematic scheme, the transmitter sends the original data, and attaches a fixed number of check bits (or parity data), which are derived from the data bits by some deterministic algorithm. If only error detection is required, a receiver can simply apply the same algorithm to the received data bits and compare its output with the received check bits; if the values do not match, an error has occurred at some point during the transmission. In a system t
Performance, ECC vs. ECC-P vs. EOS ECC on SIMMs (EOS) Memory Mixing EOS and Parity? Memory Parity Errors: Causes and Suggestions Preface- This is written for the clone systems. Some stuff is http://ohlandl.ipv7.net/config/memory_error_correct.html not exactly true for microchannel systems. However, you will recognize some reasons for https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff700221.aspx Traps under OS/2 and the odd memory errors that seem incomprehensible. From M$, KB Article Q101272 Both IBM OS/2 2.x and Window NT seem to experience problems which appear to be associated with system memory in some circumstances. It can be frustrating to have a system that is able to run DOS, Windows memory error 3.1 or OS/2 1.x and suddenly find it cannot run Windows NT due to this problem. The first issue to clear up is that not all NMI errors are due to memory. Other boards in the system can cause this problem and components directly on the system motherboard can be at fault. When memory is at fault, it is usually for the following reasons: 1. Memory not memory error checking functioning at the specified access rate as required by system board. If the system specification calls for 80 ns access rate, Windows NT most likely fails if memory is accessing at a slower rate such as 90 ns. Even though the chips may be marked as 80 ns, in testing, some fail to meet this access rate. Quite often memory chips run at a slower speed when they reach operating temperature. This produces an effect called "speed drift." The symptoms are a system which runs Windows NT when first turned on; however, after 15 minutes or so, the system starts having memory errors. A high quality SIMM tester can cycle the chips through various voltage and heat cycles, so this is fairly easy to see. 2. Memory meets specs, but speeds are different between SIMMs. The average access rate may be 70 ns on one SIMM module while the next is running at 60 ns. We have found SIMMs stamped at the factory to be rated at a 70 ns average access rate to actually be running as fast as 50 ns. Although the SIMMs are obviously well under the system required access specification, the difference of
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