Normal Refractive Error In Infants
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Pediatric Refractive Error Norms
Advanced Journal list Help Journal ListPLoS ONEv.4(2); 2009PMC2636866 PLoS ONE. normal visual acuity by age 2009; 4(2): e4469. Published online 2009 Feb 13. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004469PMCID: PMC2636866Refractive Status at Birth: normal refractive error by age Its Relation to Newborn Physical Parameters at Birth and Gestational AgeRaji Mathew Varghese,1 Vishnubhatla Sreenivas,2 Jacob Mammen Puliyel,1 and Sara Varughese3,*Che John Connon, Editor1Department http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1444-0938.2011.00600.x/pdf of Neonatology, St Stephens Hospital, Delhi, India2Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India3Christoffel-Blindenmission South Asia Regional Office, Delhi, IndiaUniversity of Reading, United Kingdom* E-mail: moc.liamg@esehgurav.arasConceived and designed the experiments: RMV JMP SV. Performed the experiments: RMV SV. Analyzed the data: VS JMP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2636866/ tools: RMV JMP SV. Wrote the paper: RMV VS JMP SV.Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ►Received 2008 Aug 13; Accepted 2008 Nov 13.Copyright Varghese et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.AbstractBackgroundRefractive status at birth is related to gestational age. Preterm babies have myopia which decreases as gestational age increases and term babies are known to be hypermetropic. This study looked at the correlation of refractive status with birth weight in term and preterm babies, and with physical indicators of intra-uterine growth such as the head circumference and length of the baby at birth.MethodsAll babies delivered at St. Stephens Hospital and adm
Search Advancedsearch Journal home > Archive > Articles > Full text Article Eye (1995) 9, 551–557; doi: 10.1038/eye.1995.138 Longitudinal change of refractive error in infants http://www.nature.com/eye/journal/v9/n5/full/eye1995138a.html during the first year of life I C JWood1,2, SHodi1,2 and LMorgan1,21Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester2Department of Ophthalmology, Stepping Hill Hospital, Stockport, UKCorrespondence: Dr I. C. J. Wood, Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK Top of pageAbstractUsing cycloplegia, the refractive error change in ametropia of 113 infants was followed at 3 month intervals over the first year of life. Scatterplots of the spherical equivalent power show that the dioptric differences exhibit a significant myopic shift of −0.38 ds between 26 and 36 weeks and −0.38 ds between 36 and 52 weeks. The spread of the refractive error by dioptric differences (95% CI) does not appear to be related to the magnitude of the ametropia present and decreases with time. By 12 months of age the frequency distribution of the spherical equivalent appears to become leptokurtic as it is in the adult. On average the astigmatism was of low degree (less than 1 dioptre cylinder) and with the rule. Anisometropia was rarely seen. The results of this longitudinal study point to an optimal time for screening and perhaps prescribing for ‘abnormal’ refractive error between 9 and 12 months of age.Keywords: Anisometropia; Astigmatism; Cycloplegic retinoscopy; Infant refraction; Longitudinal development The purpose of this study was to follow the pattern of development and change in refractive error in a voluntary population. As many of the parents of these infants had histories of ametropia, amblyopia or strabismus it was hoped the results of this study might show the longitudinal refractive norms for spherical and astigmatic ametropia for a local ‘atrisk
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